Fundamentals of general, organic, and biological chemistry / John McMurry, Mary E. Castellion, David S. Ballantine ; with special contributions by Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. Peterson.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

McMurry, John.

Contributor:

Castellion, Mary E.

Ballantine, David Stephen

Louis A. Duhring Fund.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Chemistry--Textbooks.

Chemistry.

Medical Subjects:

Chemistry.

Genre:

Textbooks.

Physical Description:

xxvii, 889, 58 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 29 cm

Edition:

Fifth edition.

Place of Publication:

Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Pearson Prentice Hall, [2007]

Summary:

Rewritten throughout for enhanced clarity and readability - without sacrificing content - this best-seller offers a focus on problem-solving and engaging discussions of relevant applications. Effectively covers the essentials of allied health chemistry without excessive and unnecessary detail. Puts chemistry in the context of everyday life. Covers biochemistry thoroughly to allow for flexible treatment and places emphasis on its relevance to society. Updates and expands content throughout in topics such as DNA, genomics, chemical messengers, the new food pyramid, and the modern view of nucleic acid chemistry and protein synthesis. Revises illustrations throughout for increased effectiveness. Redesigned diagrams and bulleted lists for a clearer layout. A useful resource for anyone working in the fields of nursing, physical therapy, agriculture, home economics, aquaculture - or those who simply have a desire to learn more about the basic concepts of chemistry and biochemistry.

Contents:

1 Matter and Life 1

1.1 Chemistry: The Central Science 1

1.2 States of Matter 3

1.3 Classification of Matter 4

1.4 An Example of a Chemical Reaction 5

Application: Chemicals, Toxicity, and Risk 6

1.5 Chemical Elements and Symbols 7

1.6 Elements and the Periodic Table 8

Application: Mercury and Mercury Poisoning 12

2 Measurements in Chemistry 16

2.1 Physical Quantities 17

2.2 Measuring Mass 19

2.3 Measuring Length and Volume 20

2.4 Measurement and Significant Figures 22

Application: Apothecary Units 23

2.5 Scientific Notation 24

Application: Powers of 10 26

2.6 Rounding Off Numbers 27

2.7 Problem Solving: Converting a Quantity from One Unit to Another 29

2.8 Problem Solving: Estimating Answers 31

2.9 Measuring Temperature 33

Application: Obesity-A Large Problem 34

2.10 Units of Energy and Heat 36

2.11 Density 38

Application: Measuring Body Fat 39

2.12 Specific Gravity 40

3 Atoms and the Periodic Table 46

3.1 Atomic Theory 47

3.2 Elements and Atomic Number 50

3.3 Isotopes and Atomic Weight 51

3.4 The Periodic Table 53

Application: Are Atoms Real? 54

3.5 Some Characteristics of Different Groups 56

Application: The Origin of Chemical Elements 58

3.6 Electronic Structure of Atoms 58

3.7 Electron Configurations 61

3.8 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 64

Application: Atoms and Light 68

Connection: Art Conservator 69

4 Ionic Compounds 74

4.1 Ions 75

4.2 Periodic Properties and Ion Formation 77

4.3 Ionic Bonds 79

4.4 Some Properties of Ionic Compounds 80

4.5 Ions and the Octet Rule 80

Application: Minerals and Gems 81

4.6 Electron-Dot Symbols 82

4.7 Ions of Some Common Elements 83

4.8 Naming Ions 85

Application: Salt 86

4.9 Polyatomic Ions 88

Application: Biologically Important Ions 89

4.10 Formulas of Ionic Compounds 89

4.11 Naming Ionic Compounds 92

4.12 H[superscript +] and OH[superscript -] Ions: An Introduction to Acids and Bases 94

Connection: Physical Therapist 96

Application: Osteoporosis 98

5 Molecular Compounds 104

5.1 Covalent Bonds 105

5.2 Covalent Bonds and the Periodic Table 108

5.3 Multiple Covalent Bonds 111

5.4 Coordinate Covalent Bonds 113

Application: Carbon Monoxide-A Surprising Molecule 114

5.5 Molecular Formulas and Lewis Structures 114

5.6 Drawing Lewis Structures 115

5.7 The Shapes of Molecules 119

Application: VERY Big Molecules 124

5.8 Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity 125

5.9 Polar Molecules 128

5.10 Naming Binary Molecular Compounds 130

Application: Damascenone, by Any Other Name, Would Smell as Sweet 132

5.11 Characteristics of Molecular Compounds 132

6 Chemical Reactions: Classification and Mass Relationships 140

6.1 Chemical Equations 141

6.2 Balancing Chemical Equations 143

6.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole 146

6.4 Gram-Mole Conversions 150

Application: Did Ben Franklin Have Avogadro's Number? A Ballpark Calculation 151

6.5 Mole Relationships and Chemical Equations 153

6.6 Mass Relationships and Chemical Equations 154

6.7 Percent Yield 156

6.8 Classes of Chemical Reactions 159

6.9 Precipitation Reactions and Solubility Guidelines 160

Application: Gout and Kidney Stones: Problems in Solubility 162

6.10 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions 162

6.11 Redox Reactions 163

Applications: Batteries 168

6.12 Recognizing Redox Reactions 169

Application: Photography-A Series of Redox Reactions 171

6.13 Net Ionic Equations 172

7 Chemical Reactions: Energy, Rates, and Equilibrium 182

7.1 Energy and Chemical Bonds 183

7.2 Heat Changes during Chemical Reactions 184

7.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions 185

7.4 Why Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Free Energy 187

Application: Energy from Food 188

7.5 How Do Chemical Reactions Occur? Reaction Rates 192

7.6 Effects of Temperature, Concentration, and Catalysts on Reaction Rates 194

7.7 Reversible Reactions and Chemical Equilibrium 197

Application: Regulation of Body Temperature 197

7.8 Equilibrium Equations and Equilibrium Constants 199

7.9 Le Chatelier's Principle: The Effect of Changing Conditions on Equilibria 202

Application: Nitrogen Fixation 206

8 Gases, Liquids, and Solids 212

8.1 States of Matter and Their Changes 213

8.2 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 216

8.3 Pressure 217

8.4 Boyle's Law: The Relation between Volume and Pressure 220

Application: Blood Pressure 221

8.5 Charles's Law: The Relation between Volume and Temperature 223

8.6 Gay-Lussac's Law: The Relation between Pressure and Temperature 225

8.7 The Combined Gas Law 226

8.8 Avogadro's Law: The Relation between Volume and Molar Amount 227

8.9 The Ideal Gas Law 229

8.10 Partial Pressure and Dalton's Law 231

8.11 Intermolecular Forces 233

Application: Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming 234

8.12 Liquids 238

8.13 Water: A Unique Liquid 240

8.14 Solids 241

8.15 Changes of State 243

Application: Biomaterials for Joint Replacement 245

Application: CO[subscript 2] as an Environmentally Friendly Solvent 246

Connection: Respiratory Therapist 247

9 Solutions 254

9.1 Mixtures and Solutions 255

9.2 The Solution Process 257

9.3 Solid Hydrates 259

9.4 Solubility 260

9.5 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 261

9.6 The Effect of Pressure on Solubility: Henry's Law 263

9.7 Units of Concentration 265

Application: Breathing and Oxygen Transport 266

9.8 Dilution 273

9.9 Ions in Solution: Electrolytes 274

9.10 Electrolytes in Body Fluids: Equivalents and Milliequivalents 275

9.11 Properties of Solutions 277

Application: Electrolytes, Fluid Replacement, and Sports Drinks 278

9.12 Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure 281

9.13 Dialysis 283

Application: Timed-Release Medications 284

10 Acids and Bases 290

10.1 Acids and Bases in Aqueous Solution 291

10.2 Some Common Acids and Bases 292

10.3 The Bronsted-Lowry Definition of Acids and Bases 293

10.4 Water as Both an Acid and a Base 297

10.5 Some Common Acid-Base Reactions 297

Application: Ulcers and Antacids 299

10.6 Acid and Base Strength 300

10.7 Acid Dissociation Constants 303

10.8 Dissociation of Water 304

10.9 Measuring Acidity in Aqueous Solution: pH 305

10.10 Working with pH 307

10.11 Laboratory Determination of Acidity 308

Application: pH of Body Fluids 309

10.12 Buffer Solutions 310

10.13 Buffers in the Body 312

Application: Buffers in the Body-Acidosis and Alkalosis 314

10.14 Acid and Base Equivalents 315

10.15 Titration 316

Application: Acid Rain 319

10.16 Acidity and Basicity of Salt Solutions 320

11 Nuclear Chemistry 326

11.1 Nuclear Reactions 327

11.2 The Discovery and Nature of Radioactivity 328

11.3 Stable and Unstable Isotopes 329

11.4 Nuclear Decay 330

11.5 Radioactive Half-Life 335

Application: Medical Uses of Radioactivity 336

11.6 Radioactive Decay Series 338

11.7 Ionizing Radiation 339

11.8 Detecting Radiation 341

Application: Irradiated Food 342

11.9 Measuring Radiation 342

11.10 Artificial Transmutation 344

Application: Body Imaging 345

11.11 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 346

Application: Archaeological Radiocarbon Dating 348

Connection: Nuclear Medicine Technician 349

12 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes 354

12.1 The Nature of Organic Molecules 355

12.2 Families of Organic Molecules: Functional Groups 357

12.3 The Structure of Organic Molecules: Alkanes and Their Isomers 362

12.4 Drawing Organic Structures 364

Application: Natural versus Synthetic 365

12.5 The Shapes of Organic Molecules 367

12.6 Naming Alkanes 369

Application: Displaying Molecular Shapes 370

12.7 Properties of Alkanes 376

12.8 Reactions of Alkanes 377

12.9 Cycloalkanes 378

Application: Petroleum 379

12.10 Drawing and Naming Cycloalkanes 380

13 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 388

13.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 390

13.2 Naming Alkenes and Alkynes 390

13.3 The Structure of Alkenes: Cis-Trans Isomerism 393

13.4 Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes 396

13.5 Types of Organic Reactions 396

Application: The Chemistry of Vision 397

13.6 Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes 399

13.7 How Alkene Addition Reactions Occur 406

13.8 Alkene Polymers 407

Application: Polymer Applications-Currency 410

13.9 Aromatic Compounds and the Structure of Benzene 410

Application: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cancer 412

13.10 Naming Aromatic Compounds 413

13.11 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds 416

Application: Why We See Color 417

14 Some Compounds with Oxygen, Sulfur, or a Halogen 424

14.1 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers 425

14.2 Some Common Alcohols 427

14.3 Naming Alcohols 428

14.4 Properties of Alcohols 430

14.5 Reactions of Alcohols 431

Application: Ethyl Alcohol as a Drug and a Poison 437

14.6 Phenols 437

14.7 Acidity of Alcohols and Phenols 439

Application: Phenols as Antioxidants 440

14.8 Ethers 441

14.9 Thiols and Disulfides 443

Application: Inhaled Anesthetics 444

14.10 Halogen-Containing Compounds 445

Application: Chlorofluorocarbons and the Ozone Hole 447

Connection: Resource Conservationist 448

15 Amines 456

15.1 Amines 457

Application: Chemical Information 460

15.2 Properties of Amines 463

15.3 Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds 465

Application: NO-A Small Molecule with Big Responsibilities 467

15.4 Basicity of Amines 468

Application: Organic Compounds in Body Fluids and the "Solubility Switch" 470

15.5 Amine Salts 471

15.6 Amines in Plants: Alkaloids 472

Application: Toxicology 474

16 Aldehydes and Ketones 480

16.1 The Carbonyl Group 481

16.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones 484

Application: Chemical Warfare among the Insects 485

16.3 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 486

Application: Vanilla: What Kind Is Best? 488

16.4 Some Common Aldehydes and Ketones 489

16.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 491

16.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 492

Application: Is It Poisonous, or Isn't It? 495

16.7 Addition of Alcohols: Hemiacetals and Acetals 496

Connection: Sensory Evaluation Manager 501

17 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives 508

17.1 Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives: Properties and Names 510

17.2 Some Common Carboxylic Acids 519

17.3 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids 520

Application: Acids for the Skin 522

Application: Acid Salts as Food Additives 523

17.4 Reactions of Carboxylic Acids: Ester and Amide Formation 524

17.5 Aspirin and Other Over-the-Counter Carboxylic Acid Derivatives 527

17.6 Hydrolysis of Esters and Amides 530

17.7 Polyamides and Polyesters 533

Application: Kevlar - A Life-Saving Polymer 534

17.8 Phosphoric Acid Derivatives 535

18 Amino Acids and Proteins 544

18.1 An Introduction to Biochemistry 545

18.2 Protein Structure and Function: An Overview 547

18.3 Amino Acids 548

18.4 Acid-Base Properties of Amino Acids 551

Application: Nutrition in Health and Disease 552

18.5 Handedness 553

18.6 Molecular Handedness and Amino Acids 554

18.7 Primary Protein Structure 557

Application: Proteins in the Diet 561

18.8 Shape-Determining Interactions in Proteins 562

Application: Protein Analysis by Electrophoresis 565

18.9 Secondary Protein Structure 566

18.10 Tertiary Protein Structure 568

18.11 Quaternary Protein Structure 571

Application: Collagen-A Tale of Two Diseases 573

18.12 Chemical Properties of Proteins 575

Application: Prions-Proteins that Cause Disease 576

Connection: Food Technologist 578

19 Enzymes and Vitamins 584

19.1 Catalysis by Enzymes 585

19.2 Enzyme Cofactors 587

19.3 Enzyme Classification 588

Application: Lead Poisoning and an Antidote 589

Application: Biocatalysis-Food and Chemicals 592

19.4 How Enzymes Work 593

19.5 Effect of Concentration on Enzyme Activity 595

19.6 Effect of Temperature and pH on Enzyme Activity 596

Application: Extremozymes-Enzymes from the Edge 599

19.7 Enzyme Regulation: Feedback and Allosteric Control 599

Application: Enzymes in Medical Diagnosis 600

19.8 Enzyme Regulation: Inhibition 602

19.9 Enzyme Regulation: Covalent Modification and Genetic Control 604

Application: Enzyme Inhibitors as Drugs 606

19.10 Vitamins 607

Application: Vitamins, Minerals, and Food Labels 612

20 Chemical Messengers: Hormones, Neurotransmitters, and Drugs 618

20.1 Messenger Molecules 619

20.2 Hormones and the Endocrine System 620

Application: Homeostasis 621

20.3 How Hormones Work: Epinephrine and Fight-or-Flight 624

20.4 Amino Acid Derivatives and Polypeptides as Hormones 626

20.5 Steroid Hormones 628

Application: Plant Hormones 630

20.6 Neurotransmitters 631

20.7 How Neurotransmitters Work: Acetylcholine, Its Agonists and Antagonists 633

20.8 Histamine and Antihistamines 635

Application: And from This Little Frog ... 636

20.9 Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine 637

20.10 Neuropeptides and Pain Relief 639

20.11 Drug Discovery and Drug Design 640

21 The Generation of Biochemical Energy 646

21.1 Energy and Life 647

21.2 Energy and Biochemical Reactions 648

Application: Life without Sunlight 651

21.3 Cells and Their Structure 651

21.4 An Overview of Metabolism and Energy Production 654

21.5 Strategies of Metabolism: ATP and Energy Transfer 656

21.6 Strategies of Metabolism: Metabolic Pathways and Coupled Reactions 658

Application: Basal Metabolism 660

21.7 Strategies of Metabolism: Oxidized and Reduced Coenzymes 661

21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle 664

21.9 The Electron-Transport Chain and ATP Production 667

Application: Energy Undone-Blockers and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation 670

21.10 Harmful Oxygen By-Products and Antioxidant Vitamins 672

Application: Plants and Photosynthesis 673

22 Carbohydrates 680

22.1 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 681

22.2 Handedness of Carbohydrates 683

22.3 The D and L Families of Sugars: Drawing Sugar Molecules 685

Application: Chirality Meets the Marketplace 687

22.4 Structure of Glucose and Other Monosaccharides 689

Application: Carbohydrates in the Diet 693

22.5 Some Important Monosaccharides 694

22.6 Reactions of Monosaccharides 697

22.7 Disaccharides 700

Application: Cell Walls-Rigid Defense Systems 702

22.8 Variations on the Carbohydrate Theme 703

22.9 Some Important Polysaccharides 705

Application: Cell-Surface Carbohydrates and Blood Type 707

Application: Dietary Fiber 709

23 Carbohydrate Metabolism 716

23.1 Digestion of Carbohydrates 717

23.2 Glucose Metabolism: An Overview 718

23.3 Glycolysis 720

23.4 Entry of Other Sugars into Glycolysis 724

23.5 The Fate of Pyruvate 725

Application: Tooth Decay 725

23.6 Energy Output in Complete Catabolism of Glucose 727

Application: Microbial Fermentations: Ancient and Modern 728

23.7 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production 729

23.8 Metabolism in Fasting and Starvation 730

23.9 Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus 731

Application: Diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes 732

23.10 Glycogen Metabolism: Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis 734

Application: The Biochemistry of Running 735

23.11 Gluconeogenesis: Glucose from Noncarbohydrates 737

Application: Polysaccharides-What Are They Good For? 738

Connection: Dietitian 739

24 Lipids 744

24.1 Structure and Classification of Lipids 745

24.2 Fatty Acids and Their Esters 748

Application: Lipids in the Diet 751

24.3 Properties of Fats and Oils 751

24.4 Chemical Reactions of Triacylglycerols 754

Application: Detergents 755

24.5 Cell Membrane Lipids: Phospholipids and Glycolipids 756

24.6 Cell Membrane Lipids: Cholesterol 761

Application: Butter and Its Substitutes 762

24.7 Structure of Cell Membranes 763

Application: Liposomes for Health and Beauty 763

24.8 Transport Across Cell Membranes 765

24.9 Eicosanoids: Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes 767

25 Lipid Metabolism 774

25.1 Digestion of Triacylglycerols 775

25.2 Lipoproteins for Lipid Transport 777

Application: Lipids and

Atherosclerosis 779

25.3 Triacylglycerol Metabolism: An Overview 780

Application: Fat Storage: A Good Thing or Not? 782

25.4 Storage and Mobilization of Triacylglycerols 782

25.5 Oxidation of Fatty Acids 784

25.6 Energy from Fatty Acid Oxidation 785

25.7 Ketone Bodies and Ketoacidosis 787

Application: The Liver, Clearinghouse for Metabolism 789

25.8 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids 790

26 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 796

26.1 DNA, Chromosomes, and Genes 797

26.2 Composition of Nucleic Acids 798

26.3 The Structure of Nucleic Acid Chains 803

26.4 Base Pairing in DNA: The Watson-Crick Model 805

26.5 Nucleic Acids and Heredity 807

Application: Viruses and AIDS 808

26.6 Replication of DNA 810

26.7 Structure and Function of RNA 813

26.8 Transcription: RNA Synthesis 814

26.9 The Genetic Code 816

26.10 Translation: Transfer RNA and Protein Synthesis 818

Application: "Bird Flu": The Next Epidemic? 821

27 Genomics 828

27.1 Mapping the Human Genome 829

27.2 A Trip Along a Chromosome 831

Application: Whose Genome Is It? 832

27.3 Mutations and Polymorphisms 833

27.4 Recombinant DNA 837

Application: Serendipity and the Polymerase Chain Reaction 837

Application: DNA Fingerprinting 839

27.5 Genomics: Using What We Know 841

Connection: Forensic Scientist 844

28 Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism 848

28.1 Digestion of Protein 849

28.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An Overview 850

28.3 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Amino Group 852

28.4 The Urea Cycle 854

Application: Pathways to Gout 857

28.5 Amino Acid Catabolism: The Carbon Atoms 858

Application: The Importance of Essential Amino Acids and Effects of Deficiencies 859

28.6 Biosynthesis of Nonessential Amino Acids 860

29 Body Fluids 866

29.1 Body Water and Its Solutes 867

29.2 Fluid Balance 870

29.3 Blood 872

29.4 Plasma Proteins, White Bloods Cells, and Immunity 874

Application: The Blood-Brain Barrier 876

29.5 Blood Clotting 878

29.6 Red Blood Cells and Blood Gases 879

29.7 The Kidney and Urine Formation 883

29.8 Urine Composition and Function 883

Application: Automated Clinical Laboratory Analysis 885

Connection: Veterinary Lab Technician 886.

Notes:

Includes index.

Local Notes:

Acquired for the Penn Libraries with assistance from the Louis A. Duhring Fund.

ISBN:

0131877488

9780131877481

OCLC:

64229950