Multiple-target tracking with radar applications / Samuel S. Blackman.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Blackman, Samuel S.

Series:

Artech House radar library

Artech House radar library.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Tracking radar.

Physical Description:

xiv, 449 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm.

Place of Publication:

Norwood, MA : Artech House, [1986]

Contents:

Chapter 1 The Basics of Multiple-Target Tracking 1

1.2 Basic Processing Definitions 3

1.3 Elements of a Basic MTT System 4

1.4 Overview of Data Association Issues 11

1.5 Suggested Further Background Reading 16

Chapter 2 Methods for Filtering and Prediction 19

2.2 Fixed-Coefficient Filtering 21

2.3 Kalman Filtering 25

2.4 Approximations and Simplifications of Kalman Filtering 34

2.5 Maneuver Detection and Adaptive Filtering 37

Appendix 2A Relationship between Equivalent Noise Bandwidth and Acceleration Error Constant 46

Chapter 3 Choice of Tracking Coordinate System and Filtering State Variables 49

3.2 Solution of the Continuous Linear State Equation 51

3.3 North-East-Down (NED) Coordinate System 52

3.4 Tracking in Cartesian Coordinates 55

3.5 Polar Coordinate Systems 56

3.6 A Comparative Study of Angle Filtering Methods 65

3.7 Tracking with Angle-Only Measurements 72

Appendix 3A Tracking Filter Development 75

Appendix 3B Use of Range Rate for NED Velocity Component Estimation 80

Chapter 4 Gating and Data Association 83

4.2 Gating Techniques 84

4.3 The Assignment Problem 92

4.4 Simple Branching or Track Splitting 98

4.5 Methods for State Estimation and Covariance Modification to Account for Miscorrelation 101

Appendix 4A Summary of Correlation Statistics 108

Chapter 5 Measurement Formation and Processing for Multiple-Target Tracking 115

5.2 Overview of Feedback between Tracking and Detection Functions 116

5.3 Adaptive Thresholding for Enhanced Detection and Tracking Performance 117

5.4 Measurement Processing for a Clutter Background 124

5.5 Observation Redundancy Elimination 126

5.6 Methods for Determining Target Multiplicity (Range/Range Rate Resolution) 129

5.7 Target Multiplicity Detection through Monopulse Angle Processing 130

5.8 Measurement Degradation due to Jet Engine Modulation and Electronic Countermeasures 138

Appendix 5A Derivation of Optimal Threshold Setting 143

Appendix 5B Derivations for Target Multiplicity Detection Method 146

Chapter 6 Definitions of Track Life Stages (Track Initiation, Confirmation, Deletion, and Quality) 151

6.2 Track Confirmation Using Sequential Analysis 152

6.3 Bayesian Track Confirmation 156

6.4 Batch Processing Techniques for Track Initiation and Confirmation 159

6.5 Indicators of Track Quality (Score) 168

6.6 Track Deletion 171

Appendix 6A Approximate Distribution for a Weighted Sum of Chi-Square Variables 176

Appendix 6B Score Associated with Clutter Point Designation 177

Chapter 7 Analytic Techniques For System Evaluation 179

7.2 Covariance Analysis 179

7.3 Techniques for Estimating Correlation Performance 186

7.4 Track Confirmation and Retention Statistics Using Markov Chain Techniques 193

7.5 Extensions of Markov Chain Techniques 204

Chapter 8 Design Of A Detailed Multiple-Target Tracking Simulation 213

8.2 Generation and Use of Random Numbers 213

8.3 Modeling the Radar Detection Process 217

8.4 Monte Carlo Simulation Design and Interpretation of Results 223

8.5 Selection of Evaluation Statistics 228

8.6 Simulation Development 234

Appendix 8A A General Technique for Generating Random Numbers 245

Appendix 8B Derivation of the Correlation Properties of an Exponentially Distributed Random Variable 246

Chapter 9 A Maximum Likelihood Expression For Data Association 249

9.2 Generalized Technique Development 250

9.3 Applications 260

9.4 Development of a Sequential Correlation Technique 264

9.5 Extension to Multiple Observation-to-Track Correlations 274

Chapter 10 The Bayesian Probabilistic Approach 281

10.2 Multiple Hypothesis Tracking 283

10.3 The All-Neighbors Data Association Approach (PDA, JPDA) 299

Chapter 11 Group Tracking 309

11.2 Centroid Group Tracking 312

11.3 Formation Group Tracking 317

11.4 Summary and Extensions 324

Appendix 11A Processing for the Centroid Group Tracking Method 325

Chapter 12 Applications Of The Radar Electronically Scanned Antenna To Multiple-Target Tracking 329

12.2 Enhancing Radar Detection with the ESA 331

12.3 Adaptive Sampling with the ESA 333

12.4 ESA Techniques for Improving Nearest-Neighbor Correlation Performance 342

12.5 Implementation of Multiple-Target Tracking Logic for an ESA System 351

Chapter 13 The Use Of Multiple Sensors For Multiple-Target Tracking 357

13.2 Sensor-Level and Central-Level Multiple Sensor Fusion 359

13.3 Implementation of Sensor-Level Tracking 363

13.4 Fusion and Correlation for Data Including Attributes 368

13.5 The Dempster-Shafer (Evidential Reasoning) Method 380

13.6 Sensor Allocation 387

Appendix 13A Track Fusion Relationships 395

Chapter 14 Special Topics 397

14.2 A Solution for the Optimal Assignment Problem 397

14.3 An Implementation Method for Multiple Hypothesis Tracking 402

14.4 MTT Implementation in Dense Target Environments 421

14.5 A Total System Architecture Including Multiple-Target Tracking 429.

Notes:

Includes bibliographies and index.

ISBN:

0890061793

OCLC:

13428286