Barriers of Belief : How Religion Shapes Muslim Labour Market Inequality in the UK, Canada and Australia.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Khattab, Nabil.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Discrimination in employment.

Labor market.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (311 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Bristol : Bristol University Press, 2026.

Summary:

Muslims face barriers in labour markets across Western democracies, but how severe are these penalties and do they vary by national or local context?Comparing the latest census data across Muslim communities, majority populations and other religious minorities from the UK, Australia and Canada, stark patterns are revealed of inequality in hiring.

Contents:

Front Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Table of Contents

List of Figures and Tables

Acknowledgements

Introduction

The book's argument at a glance

Explaining inequality

Adding migration to the equation

Religious discrimination in labour markets: evidence from field experiments

The limitations of field experiments

Framing the study: research questions and objectives

Clarifying terminology: discrimination, penalties and labour market inequality

A note on data and methods

Data source

The 2021 UK Census

The 2021 Canadian Census

The 2021 Australian Census

Data limitations

Measuring the 'Muslim penalty'

The book structure

Part I

1 Understanding the Muslim Penalty: Theoretical Considerations

Approaches to the study of the Muslim penalty

State and institutional factors

The racialization of Islam: from biological to cultural racism

Religious identity and labour market exclusion

Micro-​level influences on individual experiences and discrimination among Muslims in Western countries

Religion as an internal force shaping labour market participation among Muslims

Intersectional dynamics and varied experiences

Intersectional discrimination

Labour market outcomes beyond employment

Human capital and the 'migrant penalty'

Conclusion

2 Muslims and Migration in the UK, Canada and Australia: A Historical and Demographic Overview

The UK

Post-​war Muslim migration to the UK: four phases of expansion and diversity

Phase One: labour migration from South Asia (1950s-​1960s)

Phase Two: elite migration and family reunification (1970s-​1980s)

Phase Three: the refugee and asylum-​seeker wave (1990s-​2000s)

Phase Four: the post-​Arab Spring migration (2011-​20)

Ethnic diversity among British Muslims.

British Muslims by place of birth

British Muslims by age

Educational qualification

Canada

Exclusionary immigration policies (1914-​45)

Migration and the 1962 policy reforms

The points-​based immigration system and the expansion of Muslim migration

Ethnic diversity among Canadian Muslims

Canadian Muslims by place of birth

Canadian Muslims by age

Australia

Muslim migration to Australia

Early Muslim presence (pre-​20th century)

Post-​war migration and the White Australia Policy (1945-​73)

Multiculturalism and the end of the White Australia Policy (1973-​1990s)

Refugee migration and contemporary trends (1990s-​present)

Ethnic diversity among Australian Muslims

Australian Muslims by country of birth

Australian Muslims by age

Educational qualifications

Migration histories

Ethnic composition

Demographic profile

Part II

3 Patterns and Trends in Labour Force Participation

LFP and religious differences

LFP: a general overview

The impact of time of arrival

Determinants of LFP and estimating the 'Muslim penalty'

Estimating the net penalty

Across-​country differences

Within-​country patterns

Ethnic difference in LFP among Muslims

Indians and Arabs: two case studies

The Indian faith groups

Arab Muslims, Christians and those with no religion

4 Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis of the Muslim Penalty

Religious differences in unemployment in the UK, Canada and Australia

Determinants of unemployment and estimating the 'Muslim penalty'

Estimating the Muslim penalty

Ethnic disparities in unemployment among Muslims

Religious disparities in unemployment among the Arab ethnic group.

Religious disparities in unemployment among the Indian ethnic group

Part III

5 Occupational Integration or Closure? Securing Salaried Positions

Occupational attainment

Occupational attainment and the Muslim penalty

Ethnic disparities in accessing the salariat among Muslims

Religious disparities in accessing the salariat among the Indian ethnic group

Religious disparities in accessing the salariat among the Arab ethnic group

6 Religion and Wage Inequality

Mapping initial disparities in personal income by religious affiliation

Descriptive results

Determinants of wage inequality and the impact of religion

Ethnic wage differences among Muslims

Religious wage disparities among Indian men

Religious wage disparities among Arab men

Part IV

7 When Credentials Aren't Enough: Overqualification as an Invisible Penalty among Muslims in the West

Understanding overqualification in the labour market

Mapping initial differences in overqualification by religious affiliation

Determinants of overqualification and the effect of religion

Estimating the 'Muslim penalty'

Ethnic differences in experiencing overqualification among Muslims

Religious differences in experiencing overqualification among the Indian ethnic group

Religious differences in experiencing overqualification among Arabs

8 Precarious Employment in Context: How Religion, Ethnicity and National Context Shape Labour Market Insecurity

Theoretical background: precarious employment in a risk society

Operationalizing precarity in the present study

Selection of indicators and construction of the precarity typology

Religious differences in job precarity.

Determinants of precarious employment

Estimating the penalty in precarious employment

Ethnic differences in accessing standard employment among Muslims

Religious differences in securing standard employment among Indian men

Religious differences in securing standard employment among Arab men

Part V

9 Comparative Perspectives on the Muslim Penalty: Synthesis and Conclusions

The Muslim penalty is real

Beyond additivity: explaining the depth of Muslim labour market penalties

What drives the Muslim penalty? Mechanisms and explanations

National contexts and minority outcomes: the Australian distinction in comparative perspective

The intersection of ethnicity, religion and gender: protection and vulnerability

Beyond colour and faith: rethinking intersectionality in labour market disadvantage

Ethnicization of religion: cultural fitness, and the making of the national 'Other'

Research and policy

Research

Policy

1. Breaking the cycle of cumulative disadvantage

2. Recognizing and institutionalizing Islamophobia as structural discrimination

3. Data inclusion and intersectional monitoring

4. Reforming media and public narrative

5. Economic inclusion as equal citizenship

Appendices

Appendix A Statistical Methods and Cross-​National Comparability

Purpose and scope of the Appendix

Data sources

Descriptive analysis

Binary logistic regression models

Multinomial logistic regression models

Linear and logistic multilevel regression models

Cluster analysis of precarious employment

Interpretation and limitations of statistical models

Earnings and wage data comparability

Religious affiliation categories

Ethnicity classifications

Implications for cross-​national interpretation.

Appendix B Logistic Regression Predicting Unemployment (Interaction Effect of Religion X Country)

Appendix C Significance Levels for the Differences in Unemployment Penalties Between Muslims and Other Indian Groups by Country

Appendix D Significance Levels for the Differences in Unemployment Penalties Between Arab Muslim Men and Other Arab Groups by Country

Appendix E Harmonizing Occupational Classifications Across the UK, Canada and Australia

UK

Overqualification by occupational category and religion in the UK, age 18-​69 (%)

Overqualification by occupational category and religion in Canada, age 18-​69 (%)

Overqualification by occupational category and religion in Australia, age 18-​69 (%)

Appendix F Descriptive Analyses of Overqualification

References

Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

Other Format:

Print version: Khattab, Nabil Barriers of Belief

ISBN:

9781529258844

OCLC:

1609315972