Geoengineering of Hydrogen Energy.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Belhaj, Hadi A.

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (786 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier, 2025.

Summary:

Geoengineering of Hydrogen Energy dispenses fundamental knowledge on hydrogen geostorage paired with recent advances to form a cohesive resource designed to further understanding of a topic essential to the energy transition.

Contents:

Front Cover

Geoengineering of Hydrogen Energy: Resourcing, Storage and Utilization

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

About the authors

Preface

Acknowledgment

Nomenclature

1 Hydrogen the energy carrier

1.1 Introduction

1.2 CO2 emissions and climate change

1.2.1 Historical perspective on CO2 emissions

1.2.2 Recent CO2 emissions trends

1.3 Sources of CO2 emissions

1.3.1 Fossil fuels

1.3.1.1 Coal

1.3.1.2 Oil

1.3.1.3 Natural gas

1.3.2 Industrial processes

1.3.2.1 Cement production

1.3.2.2 Steel and aluminum manufacturing

1.3.3 Deforestation and land use change

1.4 Estimation methods for CO2 emissions

1.4.1 Top-down approaches

1.4.1.1 National emission inventories

1.4.1.2 Satellite monitoring

1.4.1.3 Global emission models

1.4.2 Bottom-up approaches

1.4.2.1 Direct emission measurements

1.4.2.2 Activity data and emission factors

1.5 Hydrogen revolution

1.5.1 Hydrogen's potential

1.5.1.1 Zero carbon emissions

1.5.1.2 Abundant and versatile

1.5.1.3 High energy density

1.5.1.4 Energy storage and grid stability

1.5.1.5 Potential for decarbonizing emissions-intensive sectors

1.6 State-of-the-art applications

1.6.1 Industrial application and utilization

1.6.2 Logistics and mobility

1.6.2.1 Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles

1.6.2.2 Hydrogen in rail transportation

1.6.2.3 Hydrogen in aviation

1.6.2.4 Hydrogen in marine shipping

Exercises

AI Disclosure

References

2 Hydrogen gas characteristics

2.1 Hydrogen atom

2.2 Hydrogen molecule

2.3 Phase behavior

2.4 Physical properties

2.4.1 Density

2.4.2 Viscosity

2.5 Chemical properties

2.5.1 Solubility

2.5.2 Diffusivity

2.6 Compressibility factor

2.7 Flammability

2.8 Special features of hydrogen compared to other gases

2.9 Exercises.

References

3 Hydrogen resources

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hydrogen resourcing

3.2.1 Coal

3.2.2 Oil and natural gas

3.2.3 Renewable energy

3.2.4 Nuclear energy

3.2.5 Biomass

3.2.6 Underground natural resources

3.3 Color-code schemes

3.4 Exercises

AI disclosure

4 Hydrogen transportation

4.1 The hydrogen supply chain

4.2 Liquid hydrogen delivery

4.2.1 Liquid hydrogen characteristics

4.2.2 Hydrogen liquification

4.2.3 Joule-Thomson effect

4.2.4 Linde cooling cycle

4.2.5 Claude cooling cycle

4.3 Compressed hydrogen delivery

4.4 Hydrogen delivery through pipelines

4.4.1 The general gas flow equation

4.4.2 Hydrogen blending with natural gas

4.4.3 Challenges associated with hydrogen pipeline transportation

4.5 Liquid organic hydrogen carriers

4.6 Ammonia

5 Hydrogen storage

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Physical-based storage

5.2.1 Pressure vessels

Type I

Type II

Type III

Type IV

Type V

5.2.2 Pressure vessels design

5.2.3 Compressed hydrogen gas storage

5.2.4 Liquid hydrogen storage

5.2.5 Cryogenic hydrogen storage

5.3 Adsorption-based storage

5.3.1 Metal-organic frameworks

5.3.2 Zeolites

5.3.3 Carbon nanotubes

5.3.4 Covalent organic frameworks

5.4 Material-based storage

5.4.1 Metal hydrides

5.4.1.1 Experimental procedure for metal hydrides

5.4.2 Complex hydrides

5.4.3 Ammonia

5.5 Liquid organic hydrogen carriers

5.6 Geological underground storage

6 Hydrogen geo storage

6.1 Introduction to subsurface storage

6.2 Storage mediums

6.2.1 Salt caverns

6.2.2 Saline aquifers

6.2.3 Depleted reservoirs

6.3 Underground storage mechanisms

6.4 Site-selection criteria

6.4.1 Storage potential pyramid

6.4.2 Screening and ranking criteria.

6.5 Storage capacity and resilience

6.6 Natural gas storage

6.7 Hydrogen underground storage projects

7 Geo-storage integrity

7.1 Introduction to energy geomechanics

7.2 Fundamentals of rock mechanics

7.2.1 Stresses and strains

7.2.2 Young's modulus

7.2.3 Poisson ratio

7.2.4 In situ stresses

7.3 Rock deformation

7.3.1 Elastic deformation

7.3.2 Viscoelastic deformation

7.3.3 Plastic deformation

7.3.4 Viscoplastic deformation

7.4 Creep deformation

7.5 Caprock integrity

7.6 Geo-chemical reactions impact on caprock integrity

7.7 Wellbore completion and leakage

7.8 Hydrogen storage into depleted reservoirs and aquifers

7.9 Hydrogen storage in salt caverns

8 Geochemical envelope

8.1 Introduction to subsurface geochemistry

8.2 Geochemical reactions

8.3 Homogenous reactions

8.3.1 Solubility fundamental concept

8.3.1.1 Ion chromatography

8.3.1.2 Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

8.3.1.3 Titration

8.3.1.4 Atomic absorption spectroscopy

8.3.2 Recent numerical and laboratory studies

8.4 Heterogenous reactions

8.4.1 Kinetics basics

8.4.2 Sandstone minerals

8.4.3 Carbonate minerals

8.5 Surface complexation

8.5.1 Fundamentals of surface complexation

8.5.2 Surface complexation models

8.5.2.1 Double electric layer model

8.5.2.2 Constant capacitance model

8.5.2.3 Triple layer model

8.5.2.4 Diffuse layer model

8.5.3 Recent case studies

9 Geo-biological envelope

9.1 Microbes: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

9.1.1 Bacteria

9.1.2 Archaea

9.1.3 Eukaryotes

9.2 Microbial population

9.2.1 Metabolism and duplication

9.2.2 Microbial life cycle

9.3 Microbial growth models

9.3.1 Monod model

9.3.2 Moser model.

9.3.3 Panfilov model

9.3.4 Other growth models

9.4 Microbes in underground geological structures

9.5 Microbes impacts on storage efficiency

9.6 Recent laboratory breakthrough

9.7 Numerical modelling

9.8 Case studies

9.9 Exercises

10 Cushion gases

10.1 Gas hydrodynamics

10.1.1 Hydrogen flow and injectivity

10.1.2 Relative permeability

10.1.3 Capillary pressure

10.2 Cushion gas concept

10.3 Cushion gas types

10.3.1 Nitrogen (N2)

10.3.2 Methane (CH4)

10.3.3 Carbon dioxide (CO2)

10.3.4 Comparative analysis

10.4 Alternative cushion gases

11 Hydrogen production, separation, and purification systems

11.1 Introduction to separation technologies

11.2 Fuel reforming processes

11.2.1 Steam reforming

11.2.2 Partial oxidation reforming

11.2.3 Autothermal reforming

11.3 Gasification

11.4 Biomass reforming

11.4.1 Direct photobiolysis

11.4.2 Indirect photobiolysis

11.4.3 Biological water-gas shift

11.4.4 Photo fermentation

11.4.5 Dark fermentation

11.5 Surface facilities

11.6 Exercises

12 Hydrogen fuel cells technology

12.1 The history of fuel cells

12.2 The concept of fuel cells

12.3 Low temperature fuel cells

12.3.1 Alkaline fuel cells

12.3.2 Direct methanol fuel cells

12.3.3 Direct borohydride fuel cells

12.3.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cells

12.3.5 Proton exchange membrane fuel cells

12.3.6 Fuel cell performance

12.4 High temperature fuel cells

12.4.1 Direct carbon fuel cells

12.4.2 Molten carbonate fuel cells

12.4.3 Solid oxide fuel cells

12.5 Fuel cells challenges and limitations

12.6 Fuel cells in transportation

12.7 Fuel cells efficiency evaluation

13 Hydrogen energy economic feasibility.

13.1 Fundamentals of energy economics

13.1.1 Net cash flow

13.1.2 Royalties and taxes

13.1.3 Amortization and depreciation

13.1.4 Net present value estimations

13.2 Economic indicators

13.2.1 Payback period

13.2.2 Return on investment

13.2.3 Internal rate of return

13.2.4 Profitability index

13.3 Hydrogen economy

13.3.1 Small-scale applications

13.3.2 Large-scale applications

13.4 OPEX

13.5 Capital expenditures

13.6 Surface facilities costs

13.6.1 Pressure vessels

13.6.2 Liquid organic hydrogen carriers

13.6.3 Compressors

13.6.4 Other facilities

13.7 Wells reconstruction and drilling costs

13.8 Cushion gas costs

13.9 Cooling and heating costs

13.10 Gas holding costs

13.11 Transportation and mobilization costs

13.12 Hydrogen energy uncertainty and risk analysis

14 Environmental and social impacts

14.1 CO2 Emissions reduction through policies

14.2 Energy diversification and conservation policies

14.3 Hydrogen enabling regulations

14.3.1 Hydrogen polices and initiatives

14.3.1.1 Prior to 21st century

14.3.1.2 Early 2000s

14.3.1.3 During 2010s

14.3.1.4 Early 2020s

14.3.2 Strategic framework for hydrogen storage

14.3.3 Innovation-driven policies for hydrogen production

14.3.4 Market dynamics of hydrogen development

14.4 Social maturity and awareness

15 Current and future hydrogen storage scope

15.1 Technology readiness gap in hydrogen cells

15.2 Realistic future scheme

15.2.1 Hydrogen merges versus time

15.2.2 Hydrogen energy demand

15.2.3 Major obstacles and challenges

15.3 Hydrogen resource and technical challenges

15.4 Economics and cost for the end-user

15.5 Transition from fossil fuel to hydrogen energy dependency.

15.5.1 Economic impact.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-443-32855-2

9780443328558

OCLC:

1557604845