Seismic Fracture Characterization : Concepts and Practical Applications / Enru Liu and Alex Martinez.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Liu, Enru, author.

Martínez, Alex, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Rock deformation.

Seismology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (279 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Houten, The Netherlands : EAGE, 2014.

Summary:

During the last three decades, seismic anisotropy has evolved from a purely academic research topic into applications in the mainstream of applied geophysics. Today, nobody doubts that the earth is anisotropic and most (if not all) hydrocarbon reservoirs are anisotropic. Since shale accounts for 70% of sedimentary basins and fractures exist in all reservoirs, seismic anisotropy may be even more extensive than we think. Taking anisotropy into account in seismic processing has improved the quality of seismic images, even though it makes seismic processing more challenging since additional parameters are needed. At the same time, fracture characterization using the concept of seismic anisotropy has added value in reservoir characterization, reservoir management, and has increased recovery and optimized well locations. This book and the associated course provide an introduction to the fundamental concepts of seismic fracture characterization by introducing seismic anisotropy, equivalent-medium representation theories of fractured rock and methodologies for extracting fracture parameters from seismic data. We focus on practical applications using extensive field data examples.- Includes cast studies demonstrating the applicability, workflow and limitations of this technology- Contains physical laboratory 3D experiments where fracture distributions are known, a Middle East fractured carbonate reservoir and a fractured tight gas reservoir.- Builds discrete fracture network models incorporating all data. These models should not only be geologically consistent but also geophysically and geomechanically consistent, so that the models can be used to forecast the behaviour and performance of fractured reservoirs.

Contents:

Front Cover

Seismic Fracture Characterization: Concepts and Practical Applications

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

General disclaimer

Preface

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1 Purpose

1.2 Target readers

1.3 "All reservoirs should be considered as fractured unless proven otherwise"

1.4 Classification of fractured reservoirs

1.5 Basic geological elements of fractures, joint, faults and microcracks

1.6 Non-seismic methods for fracture characterization

1.7 Seismic fracture characterization technology: A snapshot

1.8 Geophysics as a bridge between geology and physics

1.9 Outline of this book

Chapter 2. Fundamentals of seismic anisotropy

2.1 Introduction: Definition and symmetry classes

2.2 Characteristics of wave propagation in anisotropic media

2.3 Physical causes of seismic anisotropy

2.4 Thomsen's anisotropic parameters

2.5 Applications of seismic anisotropy in exploration and reservoir geophysics

2.6 The ExxonMobil Canyon Lake Experiment

2.7 Anisotropy and heterogeneity

2.8 Clarification on terminology

2.9 Summary

Chapter 3. Equivalent medium modelling of fractured rock

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Brief review of effective medium theories and fracture modelling

3.3 Definition and parametrizations

3.4 Modelling fractured media

3.5 Fracture compliance and Schoenberg-Sayers model

3.6 Modelling complex fracture systems

3.7 Effects of fluids: Static and dynamic behaviours

3.8 Mechanical and hydraulic responses of fracture systems

3.9 Summary

Chapter 4. Estimation of fracture parameters from azimuthal analysis of P-wave data

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Azimuthal variations of NMO velocity and traveltime

4.3 Azimuthal AVO analysis in fractured rock: Corrigan-Rüger Equation

4.4 Other formulations and attributes.

4.5 Implementation and practical considerations

4.6 "Fracture substitution" modelling and sensitivity study

4.7 High-order terms and non-HTI effects

4.8 Summary

Chapter 5. Multicomponent seismology and its application to fracture characterization

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Shear-waves and multicomponent seismology

5.3 Shear-wave splitting as a fracture diagnostic

5.4 Examples from multicomponent VSP data

5.5 Shear-wave amplitude anomalies

5.6 Converted PS-wave analysis

5.7 Characterization of multi-fracture sets

5.8 Kinematic and dynamic attributes: Effects of fluids

5.9 Summary

Chapter 6. Fracture detection using 3D seismic data: physical laboratory studies

6.1 Introduction and results

6.2 The physical models

6.3 Data acquisition

6.4 Initial data processing

6.5 Azimuthal variations of P-wave attributes

6.6 Extracting fracture parameters

6.7 Results

6.8 Discussion

6.9 Summary

Chapter 7. Mitigation of overburden effects in azimuthal AVO analysis of a Middle East carbonate field

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Study area

7.3 Methodology and target-oriented workflow

7.4 Data preparation

7.5 Acquisition footprint and linear noise mitigation

7.6 Overburden correction/compensation

7.7 Results and comparison with core data

7.8 Summary

Chapter 8. Integrated study of fracture characterization of a tight gas reservoir using 3C-3D seismic data at Piceance Basin, Colorado, USA

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Study area and Piceance 3C-3D data

8.3 Evidence of fractures at Piceance from well and VSP data

8.4 Surface 3C-3D seismic programme

8.5 Evidence of HTI anisotropy and azimuthal analysis

8.6 Preliminary interpretation

8.7 Summary

Chapter 9. Summary and road ahead

9.1 Summary

9.2 New developments

9.3 Integration of complementary information.

9.4 Road ahead - from seismic "fracture" attributes to reservoir simulation

9.5 Concluding remarks

References

Appendix A: The two-index notation of elastic tensors

Appendix B: Wave propagation in anisotropic media

Appendix C: Effective elastic constants of cracked media - Hudson's model

Appendix D: Plane wave reflection and transmission coefficients in anisotropic media - Schoenberg and Protazio algorithm

Index.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9789073834507

9073834503

9781680156997

1680156993

OCLC:

1514634820