Thyroid and Brain Understanding the Actions of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Function.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bernal, Juan.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Thyroid hormones.

Thyroid gland.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (343 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Sharjah : Bentham Science Publishers, 2024.

Summary:

This comprehensive textbook offers an in-depth exploration of how thyroid hormones influence brain development and function, particularly on cellular and molecular mechanisms. Readers will find current insights into the complex interplay between the thyroid and neurological systems, making it a valuable resource for researchers, advanced learners and clinicians in the fields of endocrinology, neuroscience, and developmental biology. The book starts with a review of thyroid physiology, setting the stage for subsequent chapters that cover specific topics such as the impact of maternal thyroid hormones on fetal brain development and the effects of iodine deficiency. From here, the book progresses to cover the regulation of brain gene expression, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, and myelination by thyroid hormones, and how thyroid hormones shape the brain. Finally, the book addresses the link between thyroid dysfunction and mood disorders. Key features - A thorough examination of the historical and the latest research findings through 14 chapters - Clear explanations of molecular pathways - Emphasis on both theoretical knowledge and practical applications - Detailed and research-focused content scientific references for further reading Readership Medical students, residents, researchers (neuroscience and developmental biology), and healthcare professionals (neurologists and endocrinologists) who need to understand the regulation of brain development by thyroid hormones and the treatment of thyroid-related neurological conditions.

Contents:

Cover

Title

Copyright

End User License Agreement

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

Dedication

An Introduction to Thyroid Physiology

INTRODUCTION

THE UNIQUENESS OF THE THYROID GLAND

Embryology

The Thyroid Follicles

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis

CIRCULATING THYROID HORMONES

THYROID HORMONE METABOLISM

Deiodinases

Type 1 Deiodinase (DIO1)

Type 2 Deiodinase (DIO2)

Type 3 Deiodinase (DIO3)

Thyronamines

THYROID HORMONE ACTION

Type 1: Nuclear Receptor-Dependent Signaling with Direct Binding to DNA

Type 2: Nuclear Receptor-Dependent Signaling with Indirect Binding to DNA

Type 3: Nuclear Receptor-Dependent Signaling without DNA Binding

Type 4: Nuclear Receptor-Independent Signaling

The Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A (BPA) and its Interaction with Thyroid Hormone Receptors

EVOLUTIONARY ASPECTS OF THYROID HORMONES

CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Congenital Hypothyroidism

PRIMARY CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Thyroid Dysgenesis

Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis

Iodide Transporters

Iodide Oxidation and Organification

Thyroglobulin

Dehalogenase

TSH Resistance

CENTRAL CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

DEVELOPMENTAL ARREST IN CONGENITAL HYPOTHYROIDISM

Untreated Congenital Hypothyroidism

Persistence of Brain Damage Despite Early Treatment

Deiodinases in the Brain

THYROXINE, A TRIIODOTHYRONINE PRECURSOR

DEIODINASES IN THE RODENT BRAIN

Type 1 Deiodinase

Type 2 Deiodinase

Developmental Changes in Type-2 Deiodinase Activity

Dio2 Regional and Cellular Expression in the Brain

The Paracrine Model of Deiodination and Action

The Significance of Dio2 Expression in Astrocytes

How the Lack of DIO2 Impacts the Brain

Type 3 Deiodinase.

Developmental Changes in Type-3 Deiodinase Activity

How the Lack of DIO3 Impacts the Brain

REGULATION OF DEIODINASE BRAIN EXPRESSION AND ACTIVITY

DEIODINASES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN

Thyroid Hormone Concentrations and Deiodinase Activity in the Human Fetal Brain

DIO2 in Stem Cells of the Developing Human Fetal Cerebral Cortex

Genetic Deficiencies in Deiodinase Function

The Thr92Ala-DIO2 Polymorphism

Unraveling the Role of Maternal Thyroid Hormones on Fetal Development

PLACENTAL PERMEABILITY TO THYROID HORMONES IN RODENTS

The Relevance of T4 as the Source of T3 in the Fetal Brain

THE PERMEABILITY OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA TO THYROID HORMONES

Maternal Thyroid Hormones in the Fetus During Early Pregnancy

MATERNAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND HYPOTHYROXINEMIA

Maternal Hypothyroidism and Infant Brain Development: Experimental Studies

Maternal Clinical Hypothyroidism

Maternal Hypothyroxinemia

Endemic Goiter and Cretinism: Pathophysiology of Iodine Deficiency

THE IODINE CYCLE

Iodine Requirements

ENDEMIC GOITER AND CRETINISM

Neurological Manifestations of Endemic Cretinism

Pathogenesis

Myxedematous Cretinism

PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS SET IN MOTION BY IODINE DEFICIENCY IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Thyroid Autoregulation

Thyroidal Iodotyrosine Dehalogenase

Mechanisms Leading to Preferential Secretion of T3

Changes in Thyroid Hormone Deiodination in Extrathyroidal Organs

Iodine Deficiency in Developing Rats

The Sheep Model

Cellular Transporters for Thyroid Hormones

PROTEIN FAMILIES WITH THYROID HORMONE TRANSPORTING ACTIVITY

Bile Acid Transporters

Amino Acid Transporters

Organic Anion Transporter Polypeptides (OATPs).

A Syndrome of Cerebral Hypometabolism and Juvenile Neurodegeneration Caused by Mutated SLCO1C1

Monocarboxylate Transporters

Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (MCT8)

Monocarboxylate Transporter 10 (MCT10)

TRANSPORT OF THYROID HORMONES THROUGH THE BRAIN BARRIERS

The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

The Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier (BCSFB)

The Meningeal Barrier

Circumventricular Organs

Transient Embryonic CSF-Brain Barrier

TRANSPORT OF THYROID HORMONES IN OTHER ORGANISMS

Thyroid Hormone Transporters in Zebrafish

Thyroid Hormone Transport in Chicken

The Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome: Pathophysiology and Mouse Models of MCT8 Deficiency

THE ALLAN-HERNDON-DUDLEY SYNDROME (ORPHANET #300523)

Clinical Aspects

Histopathological Changes in the MCT8-Deficient Brain

Histopathology of MCT8-Deficient Fetus Brain

Histopathology of an MCT8-Deficient Child Brain

MCT8 DEFICIENCY IN MICE

Altered Thyroid Gland Secretion and Tissue Deiodinase Activity

Changes in Thyroid Gland Secretion

Changes in Deiodinase Activities

Proposed Sequence of Events in MCT8 Deficiency

The Phenotype of MCT8-Deficient Mice

Peripheral Metabolism

Brain Metabolism

Brain Architecture and Function

Perinatal Brain Hyperthyroidism

MOUSE MODELS OF ALLAN-HERNDON-DUDLEY SYNDROME

Mice Deficient in MCT8 and OATP1C1

Mice Deficient in MCT8 and DIO2

The MCT8P253L Variant

THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES

Thyroxine

Intraamniotic Thyroxine Treatment

Diiodothyropropionic Acid (DITPA)

3,5,3'-Triiodothyroacetic Acid

Sobetirome

Sodium Phenylbutyrate (NaPB)

Gene Therapy

Thyroid Hormone Receptors in the Brain: Distribution and Deletion Effects on Brain Structure and Behavior

INTRODUCTION.

T3 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE RODENT BRAIN

Early Expression and Distribution of Receptor mRNAs

Receptor Protein Distribution

Receptor Expression in Different Cell Types

UNDERSTANDING RECEPTOR FUNCTION THROUGH MOUSE GENETIC MODIFICATIONS

The Phenotypes of Thyroid Hormone Receptor Knockout Mice

TRα1 in the Control of Emotions, Learning, and Memory

What the Receptor Gene Deletions Tell About Their in vivo Functions

Why Receptor Deletion is Not Equivalent to Hormone Deprivation: Aporeceptor Function

Aporeceptor Function in Developmental Timing Control

T3 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN FETAL BRAIN

Pathophysiology and Mouse Models of Thyroid Hormone Resistance Syndromes: A Focus on the Brain

GENERAL ASPECTS OF RTH

THE BRAIN PHENOTYPE OF RTH

Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Due to THRB Mutations (RTHβ)

Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Due to THRA Mutations (RTHα)

Compound TRα1 and TRα2 Mutations

MOUSE MODELS OF RTH

The PV Mutation

The Family S Mutation

The R384C Mutation

The ThraAMI Allele and TRα1L400R Mutation

Thyroid Hormone-Regulated Genes in the Brain

PATTERNS OF BRAIN GENE REGULATION BY THYROID HORMONE IN VIVO

Controlling Gene Expression Timing

Reelin Expression

Myelin Gene Expression

Regional Control of Gene Expression

Regional Control of Neurogranin (Nrgn) Expression

THOUSANDS OF GENES ARE SENSITIVE TO THYROID HORMONE IN VIVO

The Diversity of Genes Regulated by Thyroid Hormone

Are There Universal T3 Transcriptionally-Responsive Genes?

THE CAMK4 SIGNALING NETWORK

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY T3 RESPONSES IN PRIMARY CEREBRO-CORTICAL CELLS

Developmental and Growth Factor Genes

Genes Involved in the Control of Cell Migration

Ephrins and Ephrin Receptors.

Chemorepulsive Molecules: Slit and Robo

Semaphorins

Genes Encoding Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Transcription Factors

Retinoic Acid Metabolism

Potassium Channels

Neurotransmitter Receptors

Genes Enriched in Cortex Layers Neurons

THYROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN GABAERGIC CELLS

THYROID HORMONE SIGNALING IN ASTROCYTES

Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Myelination

THE GENERATION OF OLIGODENDROCYTES

Oligodendrogenesis in Humans

THYROID HORMONES AND MYELINATION

Actions of Thyroid Hormone on Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

Regulated Genes

Role of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor Isoforms

NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE TECHNIQUES FOR STUDYING MYELINATION IN VIVO

T1- and T2-Weighted Images

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Magnetization Transfer Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Brain Magnetic Resonance Studies on Hypothyroid States

Maternal Hypothyroidism

Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome

How Thyroid Hormones Shape the Brain

THYROID HORMONES PROMOTE AXODENDRITIC DEVELOPMENT

ROLE OF THYROID HORMONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC BRAIN REGIONS

The Cerebral Cortex

The First Trimester

The Second Trimester and Beyond

The Impact of Thyroid Hormone Deficiency on the Cerebral Cortex

Thyroid Hormone Action during Cortical Development: Unraveling the Complexity

The Adult Cerebral Cortex

The Hippocampus

Cell Types of the Hippocampus

The Role of Thyroid Hormones

The Cerebellum

Cerebellar Cell Types

Cerebellar Cortical Development

The Hypothyroid Cerebellum

The Striatum

Effects of Experimental Hypothyroidism

Genes Regulated by Thyroid Hormones in the Striatum

SENSE ORGANS

The Retina

Retinal Cell Types.

Role of Thyroid Hormones.

Notes:

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ISBN:

9789815274226

9815274228

OCLC:

1458802366