Introduction to plant automation and controls / Raymond F. Gardner.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gardner, Raymond F., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Production control--Automation.

Production control.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (559 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Florida ; London ; New York : CRC Press, [2021]

Summary:

"Introduction to Plant Automation Controls addresses all aspects of modern central plant control systems, including instrumentation, control theory, plant systems, VFDs, PLCs, and supervisory systems"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Cover

Half title

Title page

Copyright page

Table of contents

Preface

Disclaimer

Acknowledgments

Author

Chapter 1 Measurement fundamentals and instrumentation

Instrumentation definitions

Gage accuracy

Gage selection

Calibration standards

Calibration of instrumentation

Pressure conversion

Pressure gages

Pressure measurement

Manometer (U-tube)

Bourdon tube pressure gage

Pressure transducer

Calibrating pressure gages

Temperature measurement

Liquid-expansion thermometer

Filled-system thermometer

Bimetallic-element thermometer

Electronic temperature measurement devices

Thermocouple

Thermistor

Resistance temperature detector (RTD)

Calibration of a 4-20mA sensor

Verification of the RTD sensor

Calibration of the 4-20mA transmission signal

Calibration of the digital meter

Tank liquid-level measurement

Gage glasses, petcocks, and sounding tube

Ultrasonic or radar level transmitters

Pneumercators

Pressure transducers and liquid level measurement

Magnetic float level transmitters

Differential pressure and differential-pressure transmitters

Flow measurement

Positive-displacement totalizing meters

Differential-pressure flow meters

Velocity flow meters

Vortex-shedding flow meter

Turbine flow meter

Non-intrusive flow meters/transmitters

Viscosity measurement

Vibration measurement

Accelerometer

Notes

Chapter 2 Control terminology, theory, and tuning

Open- and closed-loop control

Modes of control

On-off control

Proportional control with feedback

Feedforward control

Proportional control

Gain and proportional band

Offset

Instability and hunting

Integral or reset control

Derivative or rate control

Pneumatic control: nozzle-flapper, pneumatic relays, and PID control.

Nozzle-flapper systems

Proportional-only control with open-loop gain

Proportional-only with adjustable closed-loop gain

Pi proportional with integral or reset control

Pid control-the derivative or rate function

Pneumatic pd control

Pneumatic P, PI, PD, and PID control

Tuning the PID controller

Ziegler-nichols closed-loop method

Open loop tuning

Stability

Chapter 3 Basic electronics

Diode

Filters

Voltage divider

Zener diode

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT)

Biasing

Thyristor or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR)

Gate turn-off thyristors (GTOS)

Diacs and triacs

Field-effect transistor (FET)

Insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)

Chapter 4 Digital theory, logic, and two-state control

Boolean logic

Combinational logic and boolean algebra

The universal nand gate

Introduction to karnaugh maps

Example 4:

Example 5:

Sequential logic and flip-flops

The set-reset (or S-R) flip-flop

The J-K flip-flop

Combinational logic using switches

Sequential logic using control relays

Diodes and transistor switching logic: constructing digital-circuit gates

Diode logic (DL)

Diode-transistor logic (DTL)

Transistor-transistor (TTL)

Chapter 5 Motor controllers

Switches and electrical devices

Motor controller /combination starter construction

Motor contactors

Control relays

Solid-state relays and contactors

Specialty relays

Timing relays

Latching relays

Alternating relays

Interposing relays

Lead-lag controllers

One-shot, watchdog, and other timers

Nema ratings

Motor controller diagrams

Low-voltage protection/low-voltage release

Reversing motors

Jogging motors

Reduced-voltage starting

Multi-speed motors

Wound-rotor induction motor-multiple speed and reduced-current starting.

Wye-delta reduced-voltage starting

Part-winding reduced current starters

Primary resistor/primary reactor/autotransformer

Primary-resistor starting

Primary-reactor starting

Autotransformers

Example 1

Electronic solid-state soft start

Variable-frequency drives

Chapter 6 Variable-frequency drives and harmonics

Variable-frequency drives (VFDS)

VFD design

Voltage-source inverters (VSI)

Phase-controlled current-source inverters (CSI)

Load-commuted inverters (LCI)

Cycloconverters (CCV)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

Flux-vector drives

Vfd voltage control

Soft starters

Harmonics

Harmonics in the time and frequency domains

Causes of harmonics

Linear loads

Non-linear loads

Classification of harmonic types

Positive-, negative-, and zero-sequence harmonics

Triplens

Intraharmonics and subharmonics

Third harmonic

Harmonics from the front-end rectifier section

Percent total harmonic distortion

Reflected waves

Notching

Harmonics mitigation techniques

Dc link choke

Ac line reactor

Tuned harmonic filters

Multi-pulse transformers

Delta-to-delta-wye multi-phase transformer

Multi-tap, multiphase transformer

Active front ends

Dv/dt filters

Harmonics and power quality analyzers

Quantifying harmonics severity

Example

Solution method 1

Solution method 2

Power-quality measurement

Conclusion

Chapter 7 Boiler controls

Burner-management system and flame safeguard system (FSS)

Check permissives and interlocks

Boiler pre-purge

Ignition attempt

Flame detection

Release to modulate

Burner normal cycling

Boiler operation during load changes

Burner management permissives

Burner safety shutdown

Boiler trips

Combustion-control system

Control symbols.

Single-element and two-element combustion control systems

Boiler control schemes

Series versus parallel combustion-control systems

Parallel positioning using single-point positioning

Metered series combustion-control systems

Fully metered parallel positioning

Fully metered parallel positioning with cross-limiting

Two-element combustion-control system (parallel positioning with cross-limiting)

Two-element combustion-control system parallel positioning with cross-limiting and o2 trim

7.3 boiler feedwater systems and control

Single-element feedwater regulators

Problems with intemittent single-element control

Multi-element feedwater regulation systems

Interactions affecting drum water level and combustion-control systems

Feed pump pressure control

Forced draft, induced draft, and furnace draft control

Superheater temperature control and desuperheated steam

Fuel selection and pollution mitgation

Chapter 8 Pump and fan controls

Pump curves

Condensate control systems

Positive-displacement pumps

Fans, fan curves, and fan control

Fan control

Chapter 9 Control valves

Self-contained pressure reducing valves

Self-contained temperature regulating valves

Pneumatic pilot-actuated control valves

Pneumatic pilot controller

Pneumatic actuators and positioners

Direct acting/reverse acting and fail-safe position

Level control

Valve response-hysteresis and deadband

Construction techniques to improve performance

Sizing control valves for liquid applications

Installation curve

Sizing control valves for compressible-flow applications

Flashing and cavitation

Recovery coefficient

Choked flow: compressible and incompressible fluids

Selecting the valve cv using manufacturer product data

Example problem

Ansi valve class.

Motor actuators

Control valve selection guidelines

Chapter 10 Speed, load, and alternator control

Speed-limiting governors

Speed-limiting protection

Low-lube-oil-pressure protection

Low-lube-oil pressure adjustment

Speed-limiting governor adjustment

Constant-speed governors

Mechanical-hydraulic governors

Governor droop and deadband

Equation 1a

Equation 1b

Governor compensation and isochronous control

Two-element governor

Load-sensing element

Flyweight speed-sensing element

Electronic constant speed governor

Governor linkage

Parallel operation of alternators

Paralleled alternators, both with drooping governors

Paralleled alternators, one isochronous and the other with a drooping governor

Other alternator controls

Overspeed trip devices

Mechanical overspeed trip

Electronic overspeed trip

Other safety shutdown devices

Chapter 11 Programmable-logic controllers and operation

PLC history

Modern PLCS

PLCS in power plant control

Parts of the PLC

Power supply

Central processing unit (CPU)

Memory

Rom

Ram

Eprom

Eeprom

Nonvolative ram

Input devices

Digital input devices

Analog input devices

Output devices

Cabling and interfaces

Human-machine interface (HMI)

Control signals and signal isolation

General PLC troubleshooting

Networking the PLC

Programming the PLC

Program execution

Relay logic

Functions within plcs

Using allen-bradley/rockwell automation RSLogix 500 software

Uploading/downloading the program

Addressing the PLC devices

Chapter 12 Wiring PLCs and I/O devices

PLC power-supply systems

PLC input and output devices

Solid-state digital input and digital output devices

Sourcing and sinking

Flexible, polarity-independent transistor-based digital I/O devices.

Other PLC output-module options.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781003091134

100309113X

9781000204346

1000204340

OCLC:

1163945346