The physics of solar energy conversion / Juan Bisquert.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bisquert, Juan, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Solar cells.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (491 pages) : illustrations

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Boca Raton, Florida ; London ; New York : CRC Press, [2020]

Summary:

This handbook introduces the main physico-chemical principles that govern the operation of energy devices. The work presents an explanation of the operation of photovoltaic devices with a broad perspective embracing concepts from nanostructured and highly disordered materials to highly efficient devices such as lead halide perovskite solar cells.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Author

Chapter 1 Introduction to Energy Devices

References

Part I Equilibrium Concepts and Kinetics

Chapter 2 Electrostatic and Thermodynamic Potentials of Electrons in Materials

2.1 Electrostatic Potential

2.2 Energies of Free Electrons and Holes

2.3 Potential Energy of the Electrons in the Semiconductor

2.4 The Vacuum Level

2.5 The Fermi Level and the Work Function

2.6 The Chemical Potential of Electrons

2.7 Potential Step of a Dipole Layer or a Double Layer

2.8 Origin of Surface Dipoles

2.9 The Volta Potential

2.10 Equalization of Fermi Levels of Two Electronic Conductors in Contact

2.11 Equilibration of Metal Junctions and the Contact Potential Difference

2.12 Equilibrium across the Semiconductor Junction

General References

Chapter 3 Voltage, Capacitors, and Batteries

3.1 The Voltage in the Device

3.2 Anode and Cathode

3.3 Applied Voltage and Potential Difference

3.4 The Capacitor

3.5 Measurement of the Capacitance

3.6 Energy Storage in the Capacitor

3.7 Electrochemical Systems: Structure of the Metal/Solution Interface

3.8 Electrode Potential and Reference Electrodes

3.9 Redox Potential in Electrochemical Cells

3.10 Electrochemical and Physical Scales of Electron Energy in Material Systems

3.11 Changes of Electrolyte Levels with pH

3.12 Principles of Electrochemical Batteries

3.13 Capacity and Energy Content

3.14 Practical Electrochemical Batteries

3.14.1 Zinc-Silver Battery

3.14.2 Sodium-Sulfur Battery

3.15 Li-Ion Battery

Chapter 4 Work Functions and Injection Barriers

4.1 Injection to Vacuum in Thermionic Emission

4.2 Richardson-Dushman Equation.

4.3 Kelvin Probe Method

4.4 Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy

4.5 Injection Barriers

4.6 Pinning of the Fermi Level and Charge-Neutrality Level

Chapter 5 Thermal Distribution of Electrons, Holes, and Ions in Solids

5.1 Equilibration of the Electrochemical Potential of Electrons

5.2 Configurational Entropy of Weakly Interacting Particles

5.3 Equilibrium Occupancy of Conduction Band and Valence Band States

5.4 Equilibrium Fermi Level and the Carrier Number in Semiconductors

5.5 Transparent Conducting Oxides

5.6 Hot Electrons

5.7 Screening

5.8 The Rectifier at Forward and Reverse Voltage

5.9 Semiconductor Devices as Thermal Machines that Realize Useful Work

5.10 Cell Potential in the Lithium Ion Battery

5.11 Insertion of Ions: The Lattice Gas Model

Chapter 6 Interfacial Kinetics and Hopping Transitions

6.1 Principle of Detailed Balance

6.2 Form of the Transition Rates

6.3 Kinetics of Localized States: Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination Model

6.4 Reorganization Effects in Charge Transfer: The Marcus Model

6.5 Polaron Hopping

6.6 Rate of Electrode Reaction: Butler-Volmer Equation

6.6.1 Availability of Electronic Species

6.6.2 Availability of Redox Species

6.6.3 The Kinetic Constant for Charge Transfer

6.7 Electron Transfer at Metal-Semiconductor Contact

6.8 Electron Transfer at the Semiconductor/Electrolyte Interface

Chapter 7 The Chemical Capacitance

7.1 Carrier Accumulation and Energy Storage in the Chemical Capacitance

7.2 Localized Electronic States in Disordered Materials and Surface States

7.3 Chemical Capacitance of a Single State

7.4 Chemical Capacitance of a Broad DOS

7.5 Filling a DOS with Carriers: The Voltage and the Conductivity.

7.6 Chemical Capacitance of Li Intercalation Materials

7.7 Chemical Capacitance of Graphene

Chapter 8 The Density of States in Disordered Inorganic and Organic Conductors

8.1 Capacitive and Reactive Current in Cyclic Voltammetry

8.2 Kinetic Effects in CV Response

8.3 The Exponential DOS in Amorphous Semiconductors

8.4 The Exponential DOS in Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides

8.5 Basic Properties of Organic Layers

8.6 The Gaussian DOS

Chapter 9 Planar and Nanostructured Semiconductor Junctions

9.1 Structure of the Schottky Barrier at a Metal/Semiconductor Contacts

9.2 Changes of the Schottky Barrier by the Applied Voltage

9.3 Properties of the Planar Depletion Layer

9.4 Mott-Schottky Plots

9.5 Capacitance Response of Defect Levels and Surface States

9.6 Semiconductor Electrodes and the Flatband Potential

9.7 Changes of Redox Level and Band Unpinning

9.8 Inversion and Accumulation Layer

9.9 Heterojunctions

9.10 Effect of Voltage on Highly Doped Nanocrystalline Semiconductors

9.11 Homogeneous Carrier Accumulation in Low-Doped Nanocrystalline Semiconductors

Part II Foundations of Carrier Transport

Chapter 10 Carrier Injection and Drift Transport

10.1 Transport by Drift in the Electrical Field

10.2 Injection at Contacts

10.3 The Metal-Insulator-Metal Model

10.4 The Time-of-Flight Method

Chapter 11 Diffusion Transport

11.1 Diffusion in the Random Walk Model

11.2 Macroscopic Diffusion Equation

11.3 The Diffusion Length

11.4 Chemical Diffusion Coefficient and the Thermodynamic Factor

Chapter 12 Drift-Diffusion Transport

12.1 General Transport Equation in Terms of Electrochemical Potential.

12.2 The Transport Resistance

12.3 The Einstein Relation

12.4 Drift-Diffusion Equations

12.5 Ambipolar Diffusion Transport

12.6 Relaxation of Injected Charge

12.7 Transient Current in Insulator Layers

12.8 Modeling Transport Problems

Chapter 13 Transport in Disordered Media

13.1 Multiple Trapping and Hopping Transport

13.2 Transport by Hopping in a Single Level

13.3 Trapping Factors in the Kinetic Constants

13.4 Two-Level (Single-Trap) Model

13.5 Multiple Trapping in Exponential DOS

13.6 Activated Transport in a Gaussian DOS

13.7 Multiple Trapping in the Time Domain

13.8 Hopping Conductivity

13.9 The Transport Energy

13.10 Variable Range Hopping

Chapter 14 Thin Film Transistors

14.1 Organic Thin Film Transistors

14.2 Carrier Density in the Channel

14.3 Determination of the DOS in Thin Film Transistor Configuration

14.4 Current-Voltage Characteristics

14.5 The Mobility in Disordered Semiconductors

14.6 Electrochemical Transistor

Chapter 15 Space-Charge-Limited Transport

15.1 Space-Charge-Limited Current

15.2 Injected Carrier Capacitance in SCLC

15.3 Space Charge in Double Injection

Chapter 16 Impedance and Capacitance Spectroscopies

16.1 Frequency Domain Measurements

16.2 Dielectric Relaxation Functions

16.3 Resistance and Capacitance in Equivalent Circuit Models

16.4 Relaxation in Time Domain

16.5 Universal Properties of the Frequency-Dependent Conductivity

16.6 Electrode Polarization

Part III Radiation, Light, and Semiconductors

Chapter 17 Blackbody Radiation and Light

17.1 Photons and Light

17.2 Spread and Direction of Radiation

17.3 Color and Photometry.

17.4 Blackbody Radiation

17.5 The Planck Spectrum

17.6 The Energy Density of The Distribution of Photons in Blackbody Radiation

17.7 The Photon and Energy Fluxes in Blackbody Radiation

17.8 The Solar Spectrum

Chapter 18 Light Absorption, Carrier Recombination, and Luminescence

18.1 Absorption of Incident Radiation

18.2 Luminescence and Energy Transfer

18.3 The Quantum Efficiency

18.4 The Recombination of Carriers in Semiconductors

18.5 Recombination Lifetime

Chapter 19 Optical Transitions in Organic and Inorganic Semiconductors

19.1 Light Absorption in Inorganic Solids

19.2 Free Carrier Phenomena

19.3 Excitons

19.4 Quantum Dots

19.5 Organic Molecules and Materials

19.6 The CT Band in Organic Blends and Heterojunctions

Part IV Photovoltaic Principles and Solar Energy Conversion

Chapter 20 Fundamental Model of a Solar Cell

20.1 Majority Carrier Injection Mechanisms

20.2 Majority Carrier Devices

20.3 Minority Carrier Devices

20.4 Fundamental Properties of a Solar Cell

20.5 Physical Properties of Selective Contacts in Solar Cells

Chapter 21 Recombination Current in the Semiconductor Diode

21.1 Dark Equilibrium of Absorption and Emission of Radiation

21.2 Recombination Current

21.3 Dark Characteristics of Diode Equation

21.4 Light-Emitting Diodes

21.5 Dye Sensitization and Molecular Diodes

Chapter 22 Radiative Equilibrium in a Semiconductor

22.1 Utilization of Solar Photons

22.2 Fundamental Radiative Carrier Lifetime

22.3 Radiative Emission of a Semiconductor Layer

22.4 Photons at Nonzero Chemical Potential

References.

Chapter 23 Reciprocity Relations in Solar Cells and Fundamental Limits to the Photovoltage.

Notes:

Includes index.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

0-429-00015-4

1-5231-3444-5

0-429-50587-6

0-429-00014-6

9780429505874

OCLC:

1156425099