Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs in the Meuse Rhine Euregion : Exploration of the Phenomenon, OMCG-Related Crime and the Public Response to OMCGs / Kim C. P. Geurtjens.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Geurtjens, Kim C. P., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Motorcycle gangs.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (250 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

The Hague, The Netherlands : Eleven, [2022]

Summary:

This book explores the phenomenon of outlaw motorcycle gangs (OMCGs) in the Meuse Rhine Euregion, focusing on their history, related criminal activities, and the public response to them in the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium. It examines the role of national borders in facilitating OMCG activities and challenges faced by authorities in cross-border regions. The book provides insights into the development of OMCGs from the 1970s to the present, detailing the strategies implemented to combat their influence and the effectiveness of these measures. It is intended for policymakers and practitioners involved in organized crime and public disorder, particularly in cross-border areas. Generated by AI.

Contents:

Intro

Acknowledgements

Table of Contents

Part 1 Introduction and methodology

1 Introduction

1.1 General introduction

1.2 Characteristics and criminality of OMCGs

1.2.1 OMCG definitions

1.2.2 OMCG-related criminality

1.2.3 Social clubs or criminal gangs?

1.2.4 International events with local consequences and vice versa

1.3 Role of the national border for criminal activities

1.3.1 The internal EU market and free movement

1.3.2 The difficulty of cross-border cooperation between authorities

1.4 Towards an administrative approach of OMCGs in the Meuse Rhine Euregion?

1.4.1 The European context

1.4.2 The administrative approach of OMCGs in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

1.5 Research questions

1.5.1 Demarcation of the scope of the research

1.6 Outline of this book

1.6.1 Part 1

1.6.2 Part 2

1.6.3 Part 3

1.6.4 Part 4

2 Research approach &amp

methodology

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Theoretical lens for crime opportunity and opportunity reduction

2.2.1 Crime opportunity

2.2.2 Opportunity reduction

2.3 Data collection and analysis

2.3.1 Review of literature and policy documents

2.3.2 Expert meetings, court hearings and explorative interviews

2.3.3 Media analysis of regional newspaper articles

2.3.4 Focused semi-structured interviews

2.3.5 Case study

2.4 Ethical considerations

2.5 Limitations and reflections

Part 2 OMCGs,OMCG-related crime, the public response to OMCG-related crime and their development in the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium

3 From bikers to gangsters - On the rise of OMCGs and the development of repressive approaches in the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium from the 1970s until 2010

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The origin, characteristic features, and expansion of OMCGs

3.3 From the 1970s until the mid-1980s.

3.3.1 Bikers riding out together

3.3.2 Regulated tolerance

3.4 From mid-1980s until 2000

3.4.1 Growth and internationalization of clubs

3.4.2 Laissez-faire attitude

3.5 From 2000 to 2010

3.5.1 Internal and external conflicts

3.5.2 Repressive stance

3.6 Role and meaning of national borders

3.7 Discussion and conclusion

4 Towards a zero-tolerance strategy against OMCGs - In the Netherlands, Germany, and Belgium, and its implications in the Meuse Rhine Euregion from 2010 until 2016

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Rapid Growth of OMCGs and continued feuds

4.2.1 The Netherlands

4.2.2 Germany

4.2.3 Belgium

4.3 Zero-tolerance and responsibilization strategy

4.3.1 The Netherlands

4.3.2 Germany

4.3.3 Belgium

4.4 The zero-tolerance strategy in light of situational crime prevention

4.5 The situation in the Meuse Rhine Euregion: a pro-active government against OMCG-related crime

4.5.1 Categorizing the criminal activities associated to OMCGs in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

4.5.2 Categorizing the measures under the zero-tolerance strategy

4.6 Discussion and conclusion

5 Authorities involved in the public response toOMCGsin the Meuse Rhine Euregion

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Authorities involved in the fight against OMCGs in the Netherlands

5.2.1 The public prosecutor's office

5.2.2 The police

5.2.3 The public administration

5.2.4 The multi-agency approach

5.3 Authorities involved in the fight against OMCGs in Belgium

5.3.1 The public prosecutor's office

5.3.2 The police

5.3.3 The public administration

5.3.4 The multi-agency approach

5.4 Authorities involved in the fight against OMCGs in Germany

5.4.1 The public prosecutor's office

5.4.2 The police

5.4.3 The public administration

5.4.4 The multi-agency approach

5.5 Fragmentation and compartmentalization.

5.6 Cross-border cooperation structures and other initiatives in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

5.6.1 Mono-disciplinary cooperation structures

5.6.2 Multi-agency initiatives in recent years

5.7 Discussion and conclusion

Interim conclusion part 2: answering the sub-questions

Part 3 Zooming in on two particular OMCG-related issues in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

6 Outlaw motorcycle gangs without borders? - Perceived displacement in relation to the multi-agency approach in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Crime displacement

6.3 How the Dutch multi-agency approach aims to reduce OMCG-related crime opportunities

6.4 Howthe Dutch multi-agency approach could influence OMCG-related displacement

6.5 Data and methods: from theory to practice

6.6 Categorizing perceptions of practitioners in the displacement framework

6.6.1 Non-criminal spatial displacement

6.6.2 Non-criminal tactical displacement

6.6.3 Non-criminal offender displacement

6.6.4 No displacement

6.7 Discussion and conclusion

7 Social embeddedness of OMCG-related crime in the Meuse Rhine Euregion and transnational offending

7.1 Introduction

7.2 The social embeddedness of (organized) crime

7.2.1 Social ties

7.2.2 Trust and other compliance mechanisms

7.2.3 Distribution of tasks in the criminal process

7.3 Data collection

7.4 Case study design

7.5 Case description: the offences and the offenders

7.6 The social embeddedness of crime involving members from the local chapter

7.7 Transnational offending

7.8 Discussion and conclusion

Interim conclusion part 3: answering the sub-questions

Part 4 Conclusion and recommendations

8 The role of the border for OMCG-related crime and the public response thereof in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 OMCGs and OMCG-related crime in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

8.2.1 Developments of OMCGs and their presence in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

8.2.2 OMCG-related crime in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

8.2.3 A fifth period: rapid changes and the decline of (traditional) OMCGs

8.3 The public response to OMCG-related crime in the Meuse Rhine Euregion

8.3.1 The public response to OMCGs in practice

8.3.2 A fifth period: competing with other priorities

8.4 The role of the national border

8.4.1 Cross-border crime or crime in a cross-border region?

8.4.2 Cross-border cooperation in Covid-19 times

8.5 General reflections

8.5.1 Zero-tolerance strategies in light of situational crime prevention

8.5.2 The aims of the zero-tolerance strategy against OMCGs

8.5.3 The importance of the (situational and social) context in OMCG-related crime

8.5.4 Providing alternative opportunities

8.6 Answering the research question

8.7 Recommendations

8.8 Closing remarks

References

Appendix.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9789400111554

940011155X

OCLC:

1373345699