SSA.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Kennewell, John A.

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (415 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Norwood : Artech House, 2025.

Summary:

This work provides a comprehensive examination of space situational awareness (SSA), focusing on orbital debris, space weather, and planetary defense. It explores the history, definitions, and components of SSA, including natural and artificial space debris, their tracking, and the challenges they pose. The book delves into the generation, measurement, and modeling of orbital debris, as well as its impact on space travel, science, and astronomy. It also discusses collision risks, reentry hazards, and mitigation strategies, alongside detailed analyses of orbits, satellite tracking, and orbital decay. The text is a resource for understanding the complexities of managing space debris and ensuring the safety of space operations. Generated by AI.

Contents:

SSA: Orbital Debris, Space Weather, and Planetary Defense

Contents

Foreword

Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 History

Chapter 2 Overview of Space Situational Awareness

2.1 Definitions

2.2 SSA Awareness

2.3 Three Components of SSA

2.4 Space Weather

2.5 Natural Space Debris

2.6 Orbiting Space Objects: Man-Made Space Debris

2.6.1 Overview

2.6.2 Orbital Space Debris

2.6.3 The Orbital Space Debris Population

2.7 Tracking Orbital Space Objects

2.7.1 United States

2.7.2 Russia

2.7.3 China

2.7.4 Europe

2.7.5 Japan

2.7.6 Australia

2.7.7 Commercial and Other

2.7.8 Catalogs, Accuracy, and Processing

2.8 Summary

References

Selected Bibliography

Chapter 3 Orbital Space Debris

3.1 Classification of Space Debris

3.2 Generating Space Debris

3.3 Natural Space Debris and Space Travel

3.4 Components of Orbital Space Debris

3.5 Debris Measurements and Models

3.6 Data Analysis and Availability

3.7 Problems with Orbital Space Debris

3.7.1 Hypervelocity Collisions

3.7.2 Reentry Hazard

3.7.3 Radiation Problems

3.7.4 Space Science and Debris

3.7.5 Astronomy: Image Debris Trails

3.7.6 Radio Astronomy: Transient Events

3.8 Collisional Cascade

3.9 Debris Visual Magnitude

3.10 Current Issues In Space Debris

3.11 Early Space Debris People

3.12 Space Debris Places and Organizations

Chapter 4 Fast Facts on Space Debris

4.1 What is Space Debris?

4.2 Where Does Artificial Space Debris Come From?

4.3 When Was the First Piece of Artificial Space Debris Created?

4.4 Is Space Debris a Problem?

4.5 How Likely Is a Collision with Space Debris?

4.6 What Other Problems Are Due to Space Debris?

4.7 What Is the Minimum Size for Dangerous Damage?.

4.8 Why Are Space Debris Impacts So Dangerous?

4.9 Can You Express a Space Debris Collision in Everyday Terms?

4.10 Why Are Collision Velocities So High?

4.11 How Much Debris Is in Space Now?

4.12 Is Anything Being Done About Space Debris?

4.13 Can Satellites Be Protected from Space Debris?

4.14 What About Debris Already in Orbit?

4.15 What Can Be Done to Remove Debris from Space?

4.16 Is Anyone Actively Involved in Debris Reduction?

4.17 What Happens to Space Debris Reentering Earth's Atmosphere?

4.18 Are Returning Objects Hazardous?

4.19 Can Anything be Done to Reduce Reentry Risk?

4.20 How Long Does It Take for Space Debris to Decay?

4.21 Are There Any Other Future Problems with Space Debris?

Chapter 5 Orbits: Parameters And Specifications

5.1 Low Earth Circular Orbits

5.2 Geosynchronous Satellites

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Specification of a Geostationary Orbit

5.2.3 Geosat Geometry

5.2.4 Geosat Look Angle Charts

5.2.5 Equatorial/Polar Coordinates

5.2.6 Algorithm Outp

5.3 Specifying Satellite Orbits in General

5.3.1 Introduction

5.3.2 Orbital Specification

5.3.3 Orbital Shape and Size

5.3.4 Orbital Orientation

5.3.5 Orbital Elements

5.3.6 TLE Format

5.3.7 TLE Availability

5.3.8 Decoding the TLEs

5.3.9 The Real World

5.3.10 State Vectors

5.4 Orbital Ephemeris Programs

5.4.1 Online Orbital Prediction

5.4.2 Satellite Tracking and Prediction Software

5.5 Orbit Determination

5.5.1 Simplified Orbit Determination of a Low Circular Satellite

5.5.2 Visual Estimation of Low Earth Satellite Orbits

5.6 Solar Locational Algorithms

Chapter 6 Collisions

6.1 Collisional Damage

6.1.1 Minor Collisions

6.1.2 Micrometeoroid Window Impact

6.1.3 More Serious Impacts

6.2 Space Debris Penetration.

6.2.1 Spacecraft Shielding

6.2.2 ISS Debris Damage

6.3 Collisional Velocities

6.3.1 Population Altitude Distribution

6.3.2 Collisional Velocities

6.3.3 Mean Collision Velocity

6.3.4 Nonuniform Populations

6.4 Hypervelocity Collision Analysis

6.4.1 Noncatastrophic Collision

6.4.2 Catastrophic Collision

6.5 Fragment Mass Distribution

6.6 Fragment Velocity Distribution

6.7 Orbital Parameter Changes

6.8 Gabbard Diagrams

6.8.1 Debris Orbital Decay

6.9 CONASS and COLA: Protecting Current Assets

Chapter 7 Orbital Decay in Low Earth Orbit

7.1 Introduction

7.2 An Isothermal Atmosphere

7.3 The Real Atmosphere

7.4 The CIRA Model

7.5 Models to 180 Km

7.6 A Model From 180 to 500 Km

7.7 A LEO Orbital Decay Model

7.8 Model Equations

7.9 Model Output

7.10 Lifetime Predictions

7.11 Practicalities

Chapter 8 Space Debris Reentry Hazards

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Satellite Lifetimes

8.3 Only Large Bodies Pose a Reentry Hazard

8.4 Reentry Statistics

8.5 Survival Statistics

8.6 Reality

8.7 Estimated Relative Risks

8.8 Debris Reentry Survival

8.8.1 Two Western Australian Reentries

8.8.2 Skylab

8.9 The Reentry Process

8.9.1 The Reentry Footprint: Columbia

8.10 Reentry Predictions From Agencies

8.11 Reentry Predictions From Models

8.12 Reentry Prediction Accuracy

8.12.1 Long-Term Predictions

8.12.2 Medium-Term Predictions

8.12.3 Short-Term Predictions

8.13 Debris Reentry Hazard Criteria

8.14 Special Reentry Events

8.14.1 Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators

8.14.2 Nuclear Reactors

8.14.3 Case Study: COSMOS 954

8.14.4 Case Study: Russian MARS 96

8.15 Planned Reentries

8.16 Suggested Debris Reentry Hazard Response.

8.17 Postimpact Object Location

8.18 Satellite, Meteor, or Reentry?

8.18.1 Orbiting Satellite or Large Orbiting Debris Object

8.18.2 Meteor or Fireball

8.18.3 Reentering Space Debris

Chapter 9 A Debris Reentry Model

9.1 Space Debris Flight Through the Atmosphere

9.2 Classical Debris Ablation Theory

9.3 The Flight Equations

9.4 Atmospheric Density

9.5 Model Results

9.6 Exploring the Model

9.6.1 Meteoroid Velocity

9.6.2 Meteoroid Density

9.6.3 Meteoroid Mass

9.7 Theory and Observations

9.7.1 The Shape Factor

9.8 Orbital Space Debris Reentries

9.9 Reentry Latitudinal Probability Prediction

9.9.1 Reentry Predictions

9.9.2 Latitudinal Reentry Exclusion

9.9.3 Latitudinal Reentry Proba

Chapter 10 Space Debris Dynamics

10.1 Population Dynamics

10.1.1 Space Debris from Rocket Fuel

10.1.2 Fragmentations: Explosions

10.1.3 Accidental Collisions

10.1.4 Deliberate Collisions: ASAT Tes

10.1.5 Orbital Decay: A Debris Sink

10.1.6 Debris Models and Simulations

10.2 Models

10.2.1 A Simple Model

10.2.2 Constants and Coefficients

10.2.3 Calculating Collision Rate

10.2.4 Model Output

10.2.5 Extensions

Chapter 11 Geostationary and Geosynchronous Orbits

11.1 History

11.2 The Geosynchronous Orbit

11.2.1 The Basic Orbit

11.2.2 Perturbations

11.2.3 Getting to Geosynchronous Orbit

11.3 Geosat Classification and Operations

11.4 Imaging Geosats

11.5 The Brightness of Geosats

11.5.1 Overview

11.5.2 A Simple Geosat Brightness Model

11.5.3 Satellite Size, Shape, and Effective Area

11.5.4 Albedo

11.5.5 The Effect of Distance

11.5.6 Satellite Orientation or Attitude

11.5.7 Solar Phase Angle

11.5.8 Eclipses

11.5.9 Glints.

11.6 Geosat Communication

11.7 The Geosat Environment

11.7.1 Magnetopause Model

11.7.2 Electron Fluence and Deep Dielectric Discharge

11.7.3 The GEO Space Debris Environment

11.8 The Asteroid Hazard to Geosats

11.9 Geosynchronous Orbital Debris

Chapter 12 Electromagnetic Awareness in SSA

12.1 Satellite Beacons

12.1.1 Introduction

12.1.2 History

12.1.3 Types of Beacons

12.1.4 Beacons for Ionospheric Research

12.1.5 Measuring Faraday Rotation

12.1.6 Measuring Total Electron Content

12.1.7 Measuring Ionospheric Scintillation

12.1.8 Ionospheric Satellite Beacon Status

12.1.9 Beacons for Tropospheric Research

12.1.10 Beacons for Telemetry and Tracking

12.1.11 Optical Beacons

12.1.12 An Ionospheric Beacon Ground Station

12.2 Communication Delay

12.3 Radio Frequencies for Space Communication

12.3.1 Introduction

12.3.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

12.3.3 The Radio Spectru

12.3.4 Windows to Space

12.3.5 Historical Space Frequencies

12.3.6 Space Communication Bands

12.3.7 Specific Space Communication Frequencies

12.3.8 Links

12.4 Space Communication Calculations

12.4.1 Introduction

12.4.2 The Transmitting End

12.4.3 The Receiving End

12.4.4 Communicating with the International Space Station

12.4.5 Low Earth Orbit Communications

12.4.6 Communicating to Geosynchronous Orbit

12.4.7 Lunar Communications

12.5 Reentry Communication Blackout

12.5.1 Introduction

12.5.2 Blackout Parameters

12.6 Solar Radio Interference to Geosat Signals

12.6.1 Overview

12.6.2 Electromagnetic Emissions from the Sun

12.6.3 Satellite and Solar Positions

12.6.4 Downlink Calculations: CNR Changes

12.7 The Doppler Effect

12.8 Space Radar

Selected Bibliography.

Chapter 13 Rules of Thumb and Data For Space Debris Studies.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

ISBN:

1-68569-112-9

9781685691127

OCLC:

1564842210