Applied Geomechanics for the Analysis and Optimization of Cyclic Steam Stimulation Operations in Heavy Oil Reservoirs / Guillermo Arturo Alzate-Espinosa [and seven others].

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Alzate-Espinosa, Guillermo Arturo, author.

Series:

Petroleum Science and Technology Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Enhanced oil recovery.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (136 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2024]

Summary:

"This book presents a revised and modern vision of cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) processes to the industry and academic community linked to hydrocarbon production, particularly to the technical community related to heavy oil thermal recovery processes. The linking of geomechanical concepts in optimizing productivity and managing these assets is offered. In general, heavy oil-producing reservoirs around the world have high values of permeability prevailing in the geological formations, which has led to not considering their reduction in productivity during the aggressive processes of CSS due to the drastic changes of temperature and pressure that consequently promote essential changes in in-situ stresses, as well as permanent changes in porosity and permeability. In this sense, the analysis of the behavior of the productivity of heavy oil reservoirs when considering the geomechanical effects offers a more realistic playing field to promote productivity optimization processes. These reservoirs are generally made up of poorly consolidated and uncemented formations that, due to the limiting elements of the in-situ conditions as well as the operational variables, promote optimal operating ranges to reduce the effects of loss of permeability in the production of these resources. Therefore, this publication aims to collect and present the geomechanical phenomena associated with the thermal recovery operation with CSS, mainly the affectation of the permeability of the reservoirs that are exploited under this technique. Likewise, it proposes a CSS management strategy that uses the thermal impact on the porous medium in favor of the reservoir's productivity. The scope is to provide a link between reservoir engineering and economic optimization by using sensible permeability models and stress paths to better forecast oil production. To achieve a comprehensive methodology, laboratory testing, simulation, and theoretical developments are presented, bringing the reader a complete view of the phenomena. The audience will find a comprehensive methodological development related to reservoir management and setting a strategy to optimize wells in CSS. These theoretical tools are widely appreciated since they offer a systematic view and solution"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1

Geomechanics Topics Related to CSS

1. Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS): Basic Concepts

2. CSS Operations Around the World

3. Technical Screening Criteria for CSS

4. CSS with Vertical and Horizontal Wells

5. Temperature and Pressure Variation in CSS

6. General Geomechanical Aspects during CSS

6.1. Variation of In-Situ Stresses during CSS

6.2. Compaction and Subsidence

6.3. Shear Dilation

References

Chapter 2

Changes in Mechanical and Petrophysical Properties during CSS

1. Effect of Pressure and Temperature Changes on Petrophysical Properties

2. Effect of Pressure and Temperature Changes on Mechanical Properties

3. Permeability Models

3.1. Permeability Evolution Models Based on Porosity

3.2. Permeability Evolution Models Based on Stress

3.3. Permeability Evolution Models Based on Strain

4. Variation of Other Local and Regional Parameters in CSS Process

Chapter 3

Laboratory Practices to Characterize Reservoir Rocks and Stress Path during CSS

1. Core Samples for Laboratory Analysis

2. Index Tests

2.1. Particle Size Distribution (PSD)

2.2. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Test

2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Test

2.4. Triaxial Test

2.4.1. General Procedure

2.4.2. Sample Preparation and Experimental Setup

2.4.3. Saturation

2.4.4. Consolidation

2.4.5. Heating

2.4.6. Shearing

2.5. Triaxial Test Classification

2.5.1. Drained Triaxial Compression Test (DTXC)

2.5.2. Undrained Triaxial Compression Test (UTXC)

2.5.3. Drained Reverse Triaxial Compression Test (DRTXC)

2.5.4. Thermal Expansion Test

2.6. Hydrostatic Test

2.7. Compression Drained Triaxial Test (CDT) and Extension Test (EDT) - CSS Process Cycle

2.8. Matrix of Laboratory Design Tests

Chapter 4.

Reservoir Simulation of CSS: Results, Description of the Model, Steps of Simulation, and Software

1. Introduction

2. Conceptual Elements of CSS Modeling

3. Requirements of the Simulation Model to Represent the Process and Effects of CSS in a Porous Media and Its In-Situ Fluids

3.1. Geometry Representation

3.1.1. Grid Definition for Single Well Analysis

3.2. Porous Media Characterization

3.2.1. Rock Basic Properties: Porosity and Permeability

3.2.2. Rock Compressibility and Thermal Expansion Coefficient

3.2.3. Fluid Saturations

3.2.4. Thermal Properties

3.3. Fluid Properties

3.4. Rock-Fluid Interaction

3.5. Initialization

3.6. Geomechanics

3.6.1. Geomechanical Grid and Boundary Conditions

3.6.2. Stress Distribution

3.6.3. Constitutive Model

3.6.4. Mechanical Rock Properties

3.6.5. Permeability and Porosity Models

3.6.6. Coupling Options

3.7. Well Configuration

3.7.1. Injection Well

3.7.2. Production Well

3.7.3. CSS Cycles Configuration

4. Study Case

4.1. Description of Teca case

4.2. Reservoir Flow Model

4.3. Geomechanical Model

5. CSS Simulation Results

Chapter 5

Methodology for Reservoir Operating Strategy and Stress Path

2. Initial Considerations

2.1. Screening Criteria for Reservoirs Subjected to CSS

2.2. Legal, Social, and Environmental Considerations

2.3. Data Acquisition and Management

3. Simulation Model Construction

3.1. Static Model

3.1.1. Mesh creation for flow model

3.1.2. Definition of Reservoir Petrophysical Properties and Model Initialization Conditions

3.1.3. Definition of Rock Thermal Properties

3.2. Dynamic Model

3.2.1. Definition of Fluid Properties and Rock-Fluid Interaction

3.2.2. Definition of Perforated or Flow-Open Zones and Completion.

3.2.3. Configuration of Injected Fluid Properties and CSS Stages

3.3. Geomechanical Model

3.3.1. Geomechanical Model Mesh Design, Boundary Conditions, and Coupling

3.3.2. Porosity and Permeability Models

4. Definition of Preliminary Predictor Variables

5. Experimental Design

5.1. Experimental Design and Response Surface Methodology

6. Construction of Np and cSOR Proxy Functions

7. Optimization of the Np and cSOR Proxy Functions

7.1. Definition of Multivariable Optimization

7.2. Multivariable Optimization with a Single Instance

7.3. Multivariable Optimization with Dual Instance

7.4. Sequential Optimization of the CSS Technique using Geomechanical Criteria

8. Economic Evaluation of Optimal Np and cSOR Cases

8.1. Economic Indicators - NPV

8.1.1. Cash Outflow

8.1.1.1. CAPEX

8.1.1.2. OPEX

8.1.2. Cash Inflow

8.2. Determination of NPV for a Generic CSS Case in the Oil and Gas Industry

9. Final Considerations

9.1. Methodology, Models, and Evaluation Criteria for a CSS Project

About the Authors

Index

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

979-88-911-3946-6

OCLC:

1453915618