Fundamentals of Flavonoids and Their Health Benefits. A Textbook for Undergraduate, Graduate, and Postgraduate Students / Katrin Sak.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Sak, Katrin, 1975- author.

Series:

Natural Products and Therapeutics Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Flavonoids--Therapeutic use.

Flavonoids.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (352 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2024]

Summary:

"Flavonoids are a large group of naturally occurring polyphenols which are synthesized by plants as secondary metabolites. They are ubiquitously present throughout the plant kingdom and have several important roles in plant physiology, especially as pigments and defense agents. Humans have consumed flavonoids as major constituents of plant-based foods and herbal remedies since ancient times. Although the first evidence of a biological activity of flavonoids was reported almost hundred years ago, an explosive growth in the flavonoid research occurred in the 1990s, after several epidemiological studies showed an inverse association between the intake of flavonoids and the incidence of chronic degenerative diseases. To date, more than 9,000 flavonoids have been identified, revealing a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects. These phytochemicals can interact with different molecular targets and intervene in diverse cellular processes, providing protection against various human diseases, mostly age-related degenerative disorders. Therefore, flavonoids are considered not only important nutraceuticals, but also the candidates for novel drugs. Despite the rapid and vast development of flavonoid research, no textbooks for teaching this discipline in universities and health colleges are available to date. Thus, the current book presents the first textbook to be used as the basic learning material for teaching flavonoids within the main courses of phytochemistry and pharmacognosy as well as the special courses about plant polyphenols. It covers all the most important topics on flavonoids, including their chemistry, natural diversity and sources, biosynthesis and roles in plants, metabolism and bioavailability in humans, and diverse bioactivities and health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antidiabetic, cardio- and vasculoprotective and anticancer effects. By providing a comprehensive overview, this textbook is suitable for students at their different academic levels, both undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate stages"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Chapter 1

Flavonoids: The Largest Class of Polyphenolic Phytochemicals with a Wide Spectrum of Health Benefits

References

Chapter 2

Chemical Structure and Classification of Flavonoids

2.1. Flavanols

2.2. Flavones

2.3. Flavonols

2.4. Flavanones

2.5. Anthocyanidins

2.6. Isoflavones

2.7. Chalcones

2.8. Other Less Known Flavonoids

Chapter 3

Natural and Dietary Sources of Flavonoids

Chapter 4

Biosynthesis and Roles of Flavonoids in Plants

4.1. Multifunctional Action of Flavonoids in Plants: From Stress-Coping Effects to Signaling Activities

4.1.1. Coping with Abiotic Stresses

4.1.2. Coping with Biotic Stresses

4.1.3. Pigmentation and Signaling

4.1.4. External Factors Affecting Flavonoids Content in Plants

4.2. Biosynthesis of Flavonoids in Plants

4.2.1. General Description of Biosynthetic Pathway

4.2.2. Evolutionary Aspects of Flavonoid Biosynthesis

4.3. Production of Flavonoids, Their Metabolic Engineering in Plants and Microorganisms

4.3.1. Metabolic Engineering of Flavonoids in Plants

4.3.2. Metabolic Engineering of Flavonoids in Microorganisms

4.3.3. Future Challenges for Flavonoid Research in Plants

Chapter 5

Bioavailability and Metabolic Conversion of Flavonoids in Humans

5.1. Absorption and Metabolism of Ingested Flavonoids

5.1.1. Intestinal Hydrolysis and Absorption

5.1.2. Metabolic Conjugation of Absorbed Flavonoids

5.1.3. Degradation of Flavonoids by Colonic Microbiota

5.1.4. Distribution of Flavonoids to Target Tissues

5.1.5. Metabolism of Flavonoids on the Examples of Quercetin, Hesperetin and Epicatechin

5.1.5.1. Biotransformation of Flavonol Quercetin

5.1.5.2. Biotransformation of Flavanone Hesperetin

5.1.5.3. Biotransformation of Flavanol Epicatechin.

5.2. Biological Relevance of Metabolic Conjugates and Colonic Catabolites of Flavonoids

5.3. Low Bioavailability of Flavonoids

5.3.1. Factors Affecting the Bioavailability of Flavonoids

5.3.1.1. Flavonoids-Related Factors

5.3.1.2. Factors Related to Food and Food Processing

5.3.1.3. Host-Related Factors

5.3.2. Strategies to Improve the Bioavailability of Flavonoids

Chapter 6

Pharmacological Activities and Health Benefits of Flavonoids: Regulation of Redox Balance

6.1. Multifaceted Antioxidant Action

6.1.1. Free Radical Scavenging Activity

6.1.2. Metal Chelation Properties

6.1.3. Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation

6.1.4. Stimulation of Antioxidant Enzymes

6.1.5. Inhibition of Prooxidant Enzymes

6.1.6. Transcriptional Regulation of Redox Balance

6.2. Prooxidant Activities

6.3. In Vivo Antioxidant Potential

Chapter 7

Antiinflammatory Activities

7.1. The Role of Flavonoids on Inflammation

7.1.1. Regulation of the Expression and Activity of Inflammatory Enzymes

7.1.1.1. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

7.1.1.2. Inhibition of Cyclooxygenases (COXs)

7.1.1.3. Inhibition of Lipoxygenases (LOXs)

7.1.1.4. Inhibition of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)

7.1.2. Modulation of Production of Cytokines, Chemokines and Adhesion Molecules

7.1.2.1. Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines

7.1.2.2. Inhibition of Chemokines

7.1.2.3. Inhibition of Adhesion Molecules

7.1.3. Molecular Mechanisms under Antiinflammatory Action of Flavonoids

7.1.3.1. Transcriptional Regulation of Proinflammatory Mediators

7.1.3.2. Modulation of Protein Kinases-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling

7.1.3.3. Regulation of Inflammasome-Mediated Signaling

7.2. In Vivo Antiinflammatory Effects of Flavonoids: Opportunities and Challenges.

7.2.1. Limitations in Extrapolating In Vitro Results to In Vivo Conditions

7.2.2. In Vivo Animal Models for Antiinflammatory Studies of Flavonoids

7.2.3. Human Studies on Antiinflammatory Action of Flavonoids

7.2.4. Challenges for the Future

7.3. Some Examples of the Role of Flavonoids in Specific Inflammatory Conditions

7.3.1. Effects of Flavonoids against Rheumatoid Arthritis

7.3.2. Effects of Flavonoids against Inflammatory Bowel Disease

7.3.3. Effects of Flavonoids against Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

7.3.4. Effects of Flavonoids against Inflammaging

Chapter 8

Antimicrobial Effects

8.1. Flavonoids as Antibacterial Agents

8.1.1. Antibacterial Action of Flavonoids

8.1.1.1. Discrepancies in Data Describing Antibacterial Activities of Flavonoids

8.1.1.2. Structure-Activity Relationships of Antibacterial Flavonoids

8.1.2. Antibacterial Mechanisms of Flavonoids

8.1.2.1. Disruption of Bacterial Membranes

8.1.2.2. Inhibition of Cell Envelope Synthesis

8.1.2.3. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

8.1.2.4. Inhibition of Energy Metabolism

8.1.2.5. Inhibition of Cell Adhesion, Motility, Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation

8.1.2.6. Inhibition of Enzyme-Dependent Virulence

8.1.2.7. Inactivation of Bacterial Toxins

8.1.3. Antibiotics-Potentiating Activity of Flavonoids

8.2. Flavonoids as Antifungal Agents

8.2.1. Antifungal Action of Flavonoids

8.2.2. Antifungal Mechanisms of Flavonoids

8.2.3. Antifungal Drugs-Potentiating Activity of Flavonoids

8.3. Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents

8.3.1. Antiviral Action of Flavonoids

8.3.1.1. Anti-HSV Activities of Flavonoids

8.3.1.2. Anti-Influenza Virus Activities of Flavonoids

8.3.1.3. Anti-Coronavirus Activities of Flavonoids

8.3.1.4. Anti-HIV Activities of Flavonoids.

8.3.2. Future Challenges for Using Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents

Chapter 9

Antidiabetic Potential

9.1. Flavonoids as Antidiabetic Agents

9.1.1. Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Flavonoids

9.1.1.1. Inhibition of Glucose Digestion

9.1.1.2. Attenuation of Glucose Absorption

9.1.1.3. Promotion of Survival and Function of Pancreatic β-cells

9.1.1.4. Regulation of Hepatic Enzymes Involved in Glucose Homeostasis

9.1.1.5. Promotion of Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue

9.1.1.6. Amelioration of Obesity-Associated Inflammation

9.1.1.7. Structural Features Essential for Antidiabetic Action of Flavonoids

9.1.2. In Vivo Antidiabetic Effects of Flavonoids

9.1.3. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidences on Antidiabetic Action of Flavonoids

9.1.4. The Potential of Flavonoids in Combating with Diabetic Complications

9.1.4.1. Flavonoids against Diabetic Nephropathy

9.1.4.2. Flavonoids against Diabetic Retinopathy

9.1.4.3. Flavonoids against Diabetic Neuropathy

9.1.4.4. Flavonoids against Cardiovascular Complications

9.1.5. Current Limitations and Future Perspectives

Chapter 10

Vasculo- and Cardioprotective Properties

10.1. Improvement of Endothelial Function

10.1.1. Regulation of Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation

10.1.2. Regulation of Endothelium-Independent Vasodilation

10.1.3. Structure-Related Effects on Vascular Protection

10.1.4. Vasodilatory Action of Flavonoids in Human Intervention Studies

10.1.5. Endothelial Dysfunction as the Root of Cardiovascular Pathogenesis

10.2. Antihypertensive Potential

10.2.1. Antihypertensive Activities in Experimental Studies

10.2.2. Antihypertensive Action of Flavonoids in Human Intervention Studies

10.3. Antiatherogenic Effects.

10.3.1. Antiatherogenic Activities of Flavonoids in Experimental Studies

10.3.2. Antiatherogenic Action of Flavonoids in Human Intervention Studies

10.4. Antithrombotic Activities

10.4.1. Antiplatelet Effects of Flavonoids in Experimental Studies

10.4.2. Antithrombotic Action of Flavonoids in Human Intervention Studies

10.5. Protection against Ischemic Heart Attack

10.6. Epidemiological Evidences on Cardioprotective Action of Flavonoids

10.7. Future Perspectives towards Cardioprotective Role of Flavonoids

Chapter 11

Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Activities

11.1. Flavonoids as Anticancer Agents

11.1.1. Chemopreventive Action

11.1.1.1. Antioxidant Activity

11.1.1.2. Inactivation of Carcinogens through Modulating Metabolizing Enzymes

11.1.1.3. Antiinflammatory Effects

11.1.2. Antiproliferative and Cell Cycle Arrest Potential

11.1.3. Cell Death-Promoting Activities

11.1.3.1. Induction of Apoptosis

11.1.3.2. Modulation of Autophagy

11.1.4. Antiangiogenic Action

11.1.5. Antiinvasive and Antimetastatic Effects

11.1.6. The Role of Tumor Microenvironment

11.1.7. In Vivo Anticancer Potential in Animal Models

11.2. Potentiation of Conventional Anticancer Therapies by Flavonoids

11.3. Epidemiological and Clinical Evidences on Anticancer Action of Flavonoids

11.3.1. Epidemiological Evidence

11.3.2. Clinical Evidence

11.4. Current Limitations and Future Perspectives

Index

Blank Page.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9798891135215

OCLC:

1423133464