Applied statistics in occupational safety and health / Christopher A. Janicak, and Majed Zreiqat.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Janicak, Christopher A., author.

Zreiqat, Majed, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Research, Industrial.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (227 pages)

Place of Publication:

Lanham, Maryland : Bernan Associates, [2023]

Summary:

Safety professionals often encounter statistics in literature and are required to present findings or make decisions based on data analyses. This completely updated fourth edition is designed to provide safety professionals or those studying to become one with the basic methods and principles necessary to apply statistics properly.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

List of Figures and Tables

FIGURES

Tables

Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Statistics

STATISTICS AND THEIR USE IN SAFETY

STATISTICS DEFINED

COMMON TERMS AND NOTATIONS

QUANTITATIVE DATA AND QUALITATIVE DATA

STATISTICAL NOTATIONS

RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES

TYPES OF STUDIES

Retrospective Studies

Prospective Studies

Experiments

STATISTICAL SAMPLES VERSUS STATISTICAL POPULATIONS

BIAS

PROBABILITY SAMPLE SELECTION PROCEDURES

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Random Samples

Simple Random Samples

Using a Random Numbers Table

Random Numbers Table Example

Cluster Samples

Stratified Random Samples

NONPROBABILITY SAMPLE SELECTION PROCEDURES

Chunk Sampling

Volunteer Samples

VARIABLES

Dependent and Independent Variables

SUMMARY

REVIEW EXERCISES

Chapter 2: Probability and Chance

PROBABILITY

Marginal Probabilities

Marginal Probability Formula

Marginal Probability Example

Joint Probabilities

Joint Event Formula

Joint Event Example

Union Probabilities

Union Formula

Union Event Example

Conditional Probabilities

Conditional Probability Formula

Conditional Probability Example

FACTORIALS, PERMUTATIONS, ORDERED COMBINATIONS, AND COMBINATIONS

Factorials

Permutations

Permutation Formula

Permutation Example

Combinations

Combination Formula

Combination Example

BINOMIAL PROBABILITIES

Binomial Probability Formula

Binomial Probability Example

POISSON PROBABILITY

Poisson Probability Formula

Poisson Probability Example

Chapter 3: Distributions

STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND POPULATIONS

FREQUENCIES

Frequency Distribution Example

HISTOGRAMS

FREQUENCY POLYGONS.

PERCENTAGES, CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGES, AND PERCENTILES

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Binomial Distribution Example

Probability Results

t DISTRIBUTION

CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION

F DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 4: Descriptive Statistics

DATA FORMATS

Ratio Data

Interval Data

Ordinal Data

Categorical Data

STRENGTH OF THE DATA FORMATS

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Mean

Median

Mode

MEASURES OF VARIABILITY

Range

Variance

Sample Variance Formula

Variance Calculation

Standard Deviation

Interquartile Range

Interquartile Range Sample Problem

SPSS Example

z-SCORES

z-Score Formula

z-Score Sample Problem

z-Scores and Percentages of the Population

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR MEANS

95% Confidence Intervals

99% Confidence Intervals

Interpreting Confidence Intervals

Chapter 5: Inferential Statistical Tests

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESES

INFERENTIAL STATISTICAL TESTING

TYPE I AND TYPE II ERRORS

ALPHA LEVELS

STATISTICAL POWER OF A TEST

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS TEST PROCEDURE

1. Developing a Statistical Hypothesis

2. Choosing the Appropriate Statistical Test or Procedure

3. Determining the Statistical Distribution

4. Determining Significance Levels

5. Formulating a Decision Rule

6. Running the Statistical Test

7. Formulating a Conclusion and Making a Decision

DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE STATISTICAL TEST TO CONDUCT

Example 1

Example 2

Example 3

Example 4

Example 5

Example 6

Example 7

Example 8

Chapter 6: Inferential Statistics for Means

z-TEST COMPARING A SAMPLE MEAN TO A KNOWN POPULATION MEAN

Test Assumptions

Hypothesis Construction

Determine Significance Levels

Using a z-Table

Formulate a Decision Rule.

z-Test Formula

Conclusions

Example z-Test Problem

INDEPENDENT SAMPLES z-TEST

Independent Samples z-Test Formula

Example Independent Samples z-Test Problem

t-TEST FOR A SINGLE MEAN

Formulate a Decision Rule

t-Test Formula for a Single Mean

Example t-Test Problem

t-TEST FOR INDEPENDENT SAMPLES

Independent Samples t-Test Example

Group A Average

Group B Average

Group A Sample Variance Equation

Group B Sample Variance Equation

Independent Samples t-test Formula

IBM SPSS Statistics Example

PAIRED SAMPLES t-TESTS

Test Formula

Example Paired Sample t-Test Problem

Calculate t-Score

Chapter 7: Correlation and Regression

CORRELATIONS

Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Pearson Correlation Assumptions

Pearson Correlation Coefficient Formula

Sample Problem

Significance Testing for Correlation Coefficients

Test Hypotheses

SPEARMAN'S RANK-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

Assumptions

Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Coefficient Formula

Point Biserial Correlation

Point Biserial Correlation Formula

SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION

Procedure Assumptions

Simple Linear Regression Formulas

Scatterplot

Graph → Legacy Dialogs → Scatter/Plot → Simple Scatter → Define

Chapter 8: Nonparametric Statistics

UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS CONCERNING NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS.

Phi Coefficient

Phi-Coefficient Formula

CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR GOODNESS OF FIT

Degrees of Freedom

Determining the Critical Value

Analyze → Nonparametric Tests → One Sample

Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test Results

CHI-SQUARE TEST OF INDEPENDENCE

Expected Number of Cases

COCHRAN'S Q TEST

Cochran's Q Test Formula

Chapter 9: Survey Research

TYPES OF SURVEY STUDIES

COLLECTING AND MAINTAINING SURVEY DATA

OUTLINE FOR PLANNING A SURVEY

Research Problem Formation

Research Design

Sample Design and Collection

Questionnaire Development

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Reporting and Dissemination

CONSTRUCTING THE INSTRUMENT

TYPES OF SURVEY ITEMS

FORMS OF QUESTIONS

Unstructured Questions

Structured Questions

RATING SCALES

LIKERT SCALES

SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALES

SOUND SURVEY RESEARCH PROCEDURES

Measurable Objective

Representative Population

Match the Hypothesis to the Statistical Tests

Conduct Background Research

Instrument Validity and Reliability

Cover Letters and Instructions

Sampling for Surveys

Calculating Sample Sizes

Survey Research Limitations

Pilot Testing

Permission to Use Human Subjects

Chapter 10: Experimental Design

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN USES

RESEARCH HYPOTHESES AND EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

One-Way ANOVA Assumptions.

Hypothesis Construction

Procedure Formulas

Calculate F Ratio

Post Hoc Procedures

Tukey's HSD Test

Calculate Tukey's HSD

SPSS Data Analysis

Assumptions Tests

Equality of Variance Assumption

Tests of Normality

ANOVA Tests

Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

CRD ANOVA Assumptions

CRD ANOVA Example

CRD ANOVA Tests

Post Hoc Tests

Randomized Block Design (RBD)

RBD ANOVA Example

RBD ANOVA Tests

Repeated Measures Design

Assumptions of the Repeated Measures ANOVA

Repeated Measures Example

Chapter 11: Presenting Research

DATA PRESENTATION FOR SAFETY PROFESSIONALS

DISPLAYING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Displaying Tables

Column Charts

Pie Charts

PRESENTING INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

z-Tests and t-Tests

Example Results from a Paired t-Test Procedure

One-Way Analysis of Variance

Correlation Procedures

Regression Procedures

Nonparametric Procedures

Developing Presentations Using Microsoft Office

Appendix: Statistical Tables

Glossary

References

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

CHAPTER 7

CHAPTER 8

CHAPTER 9

CHAPTER 10

CHAPTER 11

Solutions to Sample Problems

Index

About the Authors.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Other Format:

Print version: Janicak, Christopher A. Applied Statistics in Occupational Safety and Health

ISBN:

1-63671-380-7

OCLC:

1374429680