Permafrost Immunity / Francesco Chiappelli.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Chiappelli, Francesco, 1890-1947, author.

Series:

Climate change and its causes, effects, and prediction series.

Climate Change and Its Causes, Effects and Prediction Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Climatic changes--Health aspects.

Climatic changes.

Paleopathology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (410 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York : Nova Science Publishers, Inc., [2024]

Summary:

"As global warming and climate change prevail, glaciers on our planet's highest peaks and polar, peri-polar, and sub-polar permafrost are melting. As this process unfolds, noxious greenhouse gases - such as methane and carbon dioxide - are released, as well as novel and ancient pathogens, from viruses to bacteria and other parasites. Our immune system is increasingly called to mount efficient defenses against these biological threats, and to attain new states of homeostatic balance by stressing certain immune cell populations, function, and cytokine profiles while depressing others. The physiological adaptation of the immune system to the demands of permafrost pathogens is discussed in this book as "permafrost immunity." The point is made that permafrost immunity will concern every aspect of the immune system, from innate to adaptive immunity, from cellular to humoral immunity, and at the cellular level from T cell to B cell immunity. It is also argued in this book that because many of the most gravely threatening pathogens (e.g., influenza virus, corona virus, E. coli bacteria) penetrate the organism through the oral cavity, it is in the mouth that permafrost immunity may first become evident. In brief, this book on the topic of permafrost immunity, is written for professionals, clinicians and academicians, graduate students, and trainees in the health sciences, as well as the interested public. Its principal goal is to define and characterize the general scientific question of how prepared/unprepared our immune system is to counter the plethora of ancient and novel pathogens released by the melting permafrost"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Abstract

Significance of the Work

Acknowledgment

Prologue

Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Immunity

Abbreviations and Keywords

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Antigen-Presentation

1.2.1. Presentation of "Nonself"

1.2.2. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-I

1.2.3. MHC-II

1.2.4. MHC-III

1.3. Cytokine Immune Modulation

1.3.1. Cytokines

1.3.2. Production of Cytokines

1.3.3. Function of Cytokines

1.3.4. Regulation of Cytokines

1.4. T Cell Immunity

1.4.1. Fundamentals of T Cell Immunity

1.4.2. 'Help' vs 'Cytotoxic' - CD4 and CD8 Cells

1.4.3. Memory T Cells

1.4.4. Regulatory T Cells

1.5. Vaccine Biology

1.5.1. Vaccine Science

1.5.2. Vaccine Biology

1.5.3. Induction of Immune Memory

1.5.4. Vaccine Side Effects

Conclusion

References

Chapter 2

Immune Physiology

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Neuroimmunity

2.2.1. Neuroimmunity and Neuroimmunology

2.2.2. Cranial Nerve Modulation of Immunity

2.2.3. Peripheral Nerves Modulate Immunity

2.2.4. Peripheral Immunity Mediate CNS and PNS

2.3. Neuroendocrine Immunity

2.3.1. Neuroendocrinology Fundamentals

2.3.2. The GAS Model

2.3.3. Neuroendocrine Products Modulate Immunity

2.3.4. Immunity and Neuroendocrine Endpoints

2.4. Psychoneuroendocrine-Immunity

2.4.1. Psychoneuroendocrinology Fundamentals

2.4.2. The Psyche Modulates Neuroendocrinology

2.4.3. The Psyche Modulates Immunity

2.4.4. Psycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Mediation

2.5. Allostasis Modulation of Immunity

2.5.1. Stress Fundamentals

2.5.2. Stress, Homeostasis Loss and Allostasis

2.5.3. Allostatic Load

2.5.4. Type I and II Allostatic Load

Chapter 3

Cytokine Physiology

Abbreviations and Keywords.

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Inflammation

3.2.1. Manifestations of Inflammation

3.2.2. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines

3.2.3. Acute Inflammation

3.2.4. Chronic Inflammation

3.3. T Cell-Mediated Immune Regulation

3.3.1. TH1 vs. TH2 Cytokine-Defined Subsets

3.3.2. TH1 and TH2 Cytokines Profile

3.3.3. IL17

3.3.4. TH17/TH9 Regulate Inflammatory Pathways

3.4. Inflamm-Aging and LymphInflamm-Aging

3.4.1. Observations on InflammAging

3.4.2. Involvement of the Lymphatic System

3.4.3. Regulation by Receptors on Endothelial Cells

3.4.4. Oxidative/Nitrosative Inflammation

3.5. RAGE and the Cytokine Storm

3.5.1. Structure and Regulation of RAGE

3.5.2. RAGE-Mediated Inflammation

3.5.3. The Cytokine Storm

3.5.4. The Cytokine Storm in Pathology

Chapter 4

Quaternary T Cell Immunity

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Function: Activating or Toxic

4.2.1. Critical Function of CD45

4.2.2. CD3/TcR

4.2.3. The CD4 - CD8 Dichotomy

4.2.4. TH Cytokines Profiles

4.3. Maturation: Naive or Memory

4.3.1. CD45 Isoforms

4.3.2. Naive T Cells: CD45RA

4.3.3. CD62L - CD44 Dichotomy

4.3.4. Resting and Effector Cells

4.4. Regulation: Thrusting or Suppressing

4.4.1. TH17: The IL17 Family

4.4.2. Regulating IL17

4.4.3. TH10 and TH9

4.4.4. Regulatory T Cells (TRegs)

4.5. Termination: Apoptosis or Exhaustion

4.5.1. Process of Apoptosis

4.5.2. Apoptosis and Metabolic Regulation

4.5.3. Pyroptosis: Inflammation-Mediated Apoptosis

4.5.4. T Cell Exhaustion

Chapter 5

B Cell Immunity

5.1. Introduction

5.2. B Cell Activation

5.2.1. Lineages of Mature Systemic B Cells

5.2.2. B Cell Receptor (BcR) Engagement

5.2.3. BcR Co-Receptors.

5.2.4. CD40-CD40L Signal

5.3. B Cell Proliferation and Maturation

5.3.1. B Cell Activation

5.3.2. Proliferation

5.3.3. Migration

5.3.4. Plasma Cells

5.4. Immunoglobulins

5.4.1. Fundamental Structure

5.4.2. Fc Region Function

5.4.3. Immunoglobulin Classes

5.4.4. Immunoglobulins and Permafrost Pathogens

5.5. Autoimmunity

5.5.1. Fundamental Principles

5.5.2. Immune Tolerance

5.5.3. Continuum of Immune Deregulation

5.5.4. Permafrost Pathogens and Autoimmunity

Chapter 6

Vaccinology

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Historical Notes

6.2.1. Mythology

6.2.2. Antiquity

6.2.3. From Variolation to Vaccination

6.2.4. From Fracastorius to Koch and Pasteur

6.3. Traditional Vaccines

6.3.1. Involvement of Immune Cells

6.3.2. Of "Cellularists" and "Humoralists"

6.3.3. Ehrlich's Self vs. Non-Self Distinction

6.3.4. Idiotype/Anti-Idiotype Theory

6.4. Modern Vaccines

6.4.1. Fundamental Principles

6.4.2. Introduction to Recombinant Vaccines

6.4.3. Passive vs. Active Immunization

6.4.4. Fundamental Designs of Modern Vaccines

6.5. New Frontiers

6.5.1. Epidemic/Pandemic Emergencies

6.5.2. Vaccinology in the Future

6.5.3. Vaccine Failures

6.5.4. Protective Vaccines

Chapter 7

The Permafrost

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Permafrost Architecture

7.2.1. Permafrost Terrain

7.2.2. Permafrost Gasses

7.2.3. Climate-Driven Hydro(geo)logical Changes

7.2.4. Alterations in Permafrost Microbiome

7.3. Permafrost Carbon Cycle

7.3.1. Permafrost Carbon Signature

7.3.2. Carbon Cycle

7.3.3. Carbon in Permafrost Melting Phase

7.3.4. Permafrost Carbon and Global Warming

7.4. Climate Change and Permafrost.

7.4.1. Global Warming Effects on Permafrost

7.4.2. Gas Emissions from Permafrost Thaw

7.4.3. Heavy Metals in Melting Permafrost

7.4.4. Emerging Pathogens

7.5. Permafrost Pathogens

7.5.1. Vegetal Kingdom

7.5.2. Animal Kingdom

7.5.3. Microbiome

7.5.4. Arenaviruses

Chapter 8

Permafrost Pathogens I: Bacteria and Archaea

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Permafrost Bacteria

8.2.1. Early Observations

8.2.2. Morphology and Structure

8.2.3. Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria

8.2.4. Permafrost Bacteria

8.3. Permafrost Methanogenic Archaea

8.3.1. Archaea (Archaebacteria) Properties

8.3.2. Methanogen Archaea

8.3.3. Archaea Pathogenicity

8.3.4. Thermoacidophilic Archea

8.4. Genomic Adaptation

8.4.1. Horizontal Genomic Transmission

8.4.2. Molecular Process

8.4.3. Archeal Horizontal Transmission

8.4.4. Role in Permafrost Survival

8.5. Antibiotic Resistance and Immunity

8.5.1. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) II

8.5.2. MHC-II Elaboration

8.5.3. Molecular Mimicry and MHC-II Escape

8.5.4. Antibiotic Resistance

Chapter 9

Permafrost Pathogens II:Viruses

9.1. Introduction

9.2. DNA and RNA Viruses

9.2.1. dsDNA Viruses

9.2.2. ssDNA+ Viruses

9.2.3. 'Varied' DNA Viruses

9.2.4. RNA Viruses

9.3. Reverse Transcribing Viruses

9.3.1. Reverse Transcription in ssRNA+ Viruses

9.3.2. Ribonuclease

9.3.3. Traces of Ancient Viral RNA

9.3.4. Riboviria

9.4. Viral Interference

9.4.1. Early Observations

9.4.2. Interferon (IFN)-Dependent

9.4.3. IFN-Independent

9.4.4. Argonaute Proteins

9.5. Emergent Viruses in Permafrost

9.5.1. Giant 'Zombie' Viruses

9.5.2. dsDNA Viruses in Permafrost.

9.5.3. Escape from Immune Surveillance

9.5.4. Viral Hierarchy and Virus Interference

Chapter 10

Permafrost Pathogens III: Other Pathogens

10.1. Introduction

10.2. Parasites and Their Revival

10.2.1. Dormant Species

10.2.2. Mycoplasma

10.2.3. Bacteria

10.2.4. Viruses

10.3. Worms

10.3.1. Nematodes

10.3.2. Non - or Minimally - Parasitic to Humans

10.3.3. Rotifera

10.3.4. Bdelloidea

10.4. Larger Animals

10.4.1. Theropod Dinosaur Remains

10.4.2. Bone and Dentary Fragments

10.4.3. Dogor

10.4.4. Other Mammals

10.5. Mummified Human Remains

10.5.1. The Siberian Ice Maiden

10.5.2. The Lady of Ampato

10.5.3. Ötzi

10.5.4. Recent Discoveries

Chapter 11

Public Health Concerns

11.1. Introduction

11.2. Shrinking Habitats

11.2.1. Stewards of the Ecosystem

11.2.2. Shrinking Habitats

11.2.3. Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALY)

11.2.4. Categories of Climate-Related Hazards

11.3. Notable Epidemics and Pandemics

11.3.1. The Plague

11.3.2. Influenza and Other Recent Outbreaks

11.3.3. Corona Virus Outbreaks

11.3.4. Of R's and Other Parameters

11.4. Emerging Threats

11.4.1. Bacteria

11.4.2. Mycoplasma

11.4.3. Viruses

11.4.4. Other Pathogens

11.5. Toward Metascience

11.5.1. Evidence-Based Research

11.5.2. Evidence-Based Practice

11.5.3. Evidence-Based Information Dissemination

11.5.4. Myths and Hesitancy

Chapter 12

Looking to the Future

Abbreviations and Keyword

12.1. Introduction

12.2. Immune Suppression

12.2.1. Cellular Immunity-Mediated Suppression

12.2.2. Interferon-Mediated Suppression

12.2.3. Molecular Suppression.

12.2.4. Pathogen Interference.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9798891139480

OCLC:

1455115185