Microplastics in Water and Wastewater - 2nd Edition.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Karapanagioti, Hrissi.

Contributor:

Kalavrouziotis, Ioannis K.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Microplastics.

Water.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (300 p.) ill

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

London : IWA Publishing, 2020.

Summary:

The second edition of the book has been revised with a comprehensive study guide. The guide provides for each chapter the following sections: Aim; Expected results; Key concepts; Study plan; Additional Bibliography; Self-Assessment exercises and activities. Indicative answers and responses are placed at the end of the study guide. The book covers in detail the topic of microplastics in water and wastewater.

Contents:

Cover

Contents

About the Editors

Preface

Foreword (Hideshige Takada)

Foreword (Peter Kershaw)

Chapter 1: Plastics and microplastics in the human water cycle

1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROPLASTICS

1.3 THE HUMAN WATER CYCLE

1.4 ACCUMULATION AND TRANSPORT OF MICROPLASTICS IN THE WATER CYCLE

1.4.1 Microplastics in seawater

1.4.2 The abundance of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems

1.4.3 Microplastics in river water

1.4.4 Microplastics in groundwater, and in tap and bottled water

1.5 LEGISLATION

1.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Association of hazardous compounds with microplastics in freshwater ecosystems

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 HAZARDOUS COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MICROPLASTICS

2.2.1 POPs adsorbed on microplastic surfaces

2.2.2 Pharmaceutical products

2.2.3 Metals

2.2.4 Bacteria and viruses

2.2.5 Additive compounds from MPs

2.3 DISCUSSION

2.4 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 3: Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: A literature review of sampling methods and results

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 MICROPLASTICS IN WWTPs

3.2.1 Sampling sites and methods for the detection of microplastics in WWTPs

3.2.2 Type and quantities of MPs released from WWTPs

3.3 MICROPLASTICS IN GREEK WWTPs

3.4 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Chapter 4: Microplastics: Transport and removal at wastewater treatment plants

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 PRELIMINARY TREATMENT

4.2.1 Primary treatment

4.2.2 Impact of the primary sedimentation stage on microplastics

4.2.2.1 High density plastics

4.2.2.2 Low density plastics

4.3 SECONDARY TREATMENT

4.4 TERTIARY TREATMENT

4.4.1 The role of filters

4.4.2 Disinfection using chlorine/hypochlorite

4.5 CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL RESISTANCE OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS.

4.5.1 Recalcitrant properties of plastics

4.5.2 Biological transformation of plastics during wastewater treatment

4.5.3 Are there extant photolytic influences on plastics during wastewater treatment?

4.6 OTHER FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FATE OF PLASTICS IN WWTPs

4.6.1 Neutrally buoyant plastics

4.6.2 Mechanical/chemical fracturing of plastic particles at treatment plants

4.7 SLUDGE TREATMENT

4.7.1 Thickening

4.7.2 Digestion

4.7.3 Sludge dewatering

4.8 REMOVAL OF PLASTIC PARTICLES IN WWTPs

4.9 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 5: Method development for microplastic analysis in wastewater

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 SAMPLING STRATEGY

5.3 SAMPLE PREPARATION

5.3.1 Chemical digestion

5.3.2 Enzymatic digestion

5.4 PARTICLE ANALYSIS

5.4.1 Spectroscopic analysis

5.4.2 Automation

5.4.3 Rapid screening/fluorescent microscopy

5.5 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES (DQO)

5.5.1 Certified reference material

5.5.2 Initial validation and demonstration of capability

5.6 REPORTING AND DOCUMENTATION

5.7 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 6: Microplastics in sewage sludge: Captured but released?

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 TRANSFER OF MICROPLASTICS TO THE SLUDGE PHASE

6.2.1 Coarse bar screens and grit chambers

6.2.2 Grease skimmers

6.2.3 Primary and secondary clarifiers

6.2.4 Other treatment steps

6.3 REPORTED CONCENTRATIONS OF MICROPLASTICS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE

6.3.1 Methods used

6.3.2 Comparisons between studies

6.4 FATE OF MICROPLASTICS IN SEWAGE SLUDGE

6.4.1 Potential implications associated with microplastic release

6.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 7: Modeling microplastics transport and fate in the marine environment around a wastewater effluent discharge pipe

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES.

7.2.1 Homoaggregation

7.2.2 Heteroaggregation

7.2.3 Degradation

7.3 TRANSPORT

7.3.1 Sedimentation

7.3.2 Advection-diffusion

7.4 MATHEMATICAL MODEL

7.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 8: Evaluating wastewater effluent as a source of microplastics in environmental samples

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE

8.3 TAXONOMIC EVIDENCE

8.3.1 Microplastic indicators

8.3.2 Macroplastic indicators

8.4 WASTEWATER INDICATORS

8.5 CORRELATION

8.6 MASS BALANCE

8.7 STANDARDIZATION

8.8 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 9: Pollution of beaches and watercourses by plastic biomedia

9.1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOMEDIA POLLUTION

9.2 BACKGROUND TO WASTEWATER PURIFICATION AND BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

9.2.1 Overview of operations in a sewage treatment system

9.2.2 Focus on biological treatment

9.2.2.1 Extensive biological processes

9.2.2.2 Intensive biological processes

9.2.2.3 Free culture installations: activated sludge

9.2.2.4 Fixed-film installations

9.2.3 Fluidised bed bioreactors

9.2.3.1 Principles

9.2.3.2 Advantages

9.2.3.3 Limitations and disadvantages

9.3 USERS

9.3.1 Municipal sewage treatment

9.3.2 Private off-mains sewage treatment

9.3.3 Non-public industrial wastewater treatment

9.4 THE SPREAD OF BIOMEDIA IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

9.4.1 Land-based sources and transportation in waterways

9.4.1.1 The upstream-downstream connection

9.4.1.2 Currents

9.5 MONITORING BIOMEDIA POLLUTION

9.6 BIOMEDIA POLLUTION INCIDENTS

9.6.1 Saint-Prex (Switzerland)

9.6.1.1 General information

9.6.1.2 Account of the incident

9.6.1.3 Actions undertaken

9.6.1.4 Results

9.6.2 Nemiña beach (Spain)

9.6.2.1 General information

9.6.2.2 Account of the incident

9.6.2.3 Actions undertaken

9.6.3 Evaluation of observed pollution events.

9.7 SYSTEM MALFUNCTIONS

9.7.1 Cause of system malfunctions

9.7.2 Description of observed cases

9.7.2.1 Blockage of bioreactor effluent mesh

9.7.2.2 Excess aeration

9.7.2.3 Failure of safety systems

9.7.2.4 Commissioning of a new WWTP

9.7.2.5 Limitations of the combined sewer system

9.7.2.6 Poor storage of biomedia

9.7.2.7 Diffuse pollution

9.8 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10: Effects of microplastics on freshwater and marine microalgae

10.1 THE GLOBAL PLASTIC PROBLEM

10.2 EFFECTS OF MICROPLASTICS ON MICROALGAE

10.2.1 Algal growth

10.2.1.1 Concentration

10.2.1.2 Size of the microplastics

10.2.1.3 Effect of time

10.2.2 Photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll concentration

10.2.3 Other effects

10.2.3.1 Surface charge

10.2.3.2 Combined effects

10.2.3.3 Others

10.3 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 11: Possible effects on plants due to microplastics in soils from wastewater effluent reuse or sewage sludge application

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 MICROPLASTICS AND NANOPLASTICS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS

11.2.1 Sources of plastic in agricultural soils

11.2.2 Microplastics quantity in agricultural soils from WWTP by-products

11.3 DEGRADATION OF MICROPLASTICS ON LAND

11.3.1 Additives in plastics

11.3.1.1 Phthalates

11.3.1.2 Bisphenol A

11.3.1.3 Flame retardants

11.3.1.4 Polybrominated diphenyl ethers

11.3.1.5 Nonylphenols

11.4 MICROPLASTICS AS AN AGRICULTURAL SOILS HAZARD

11.5 CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 12: Possible effects of microplastics on human health

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 HEALTH IMPACT

12.2.1 Particle effects

12.2.2 Chemical effects

12.2.2.1 The case of Bisphenol A

12.2.2.2 The case of phthalates

12.2.2.3 Other additives

12.2.3 Microbial transfer

12.3 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES.

Chapter 13: The need for a global plastic strategy

13.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM

13.2 REVIEW OF KEY STRATEGIES AND POLICIES

13.2.1 International strategies and policies on marine litter pollution

13.2.1.1 MARPOL 73/78

13.2.1.2 The Honolulu Strategy

13.2.1.3 The global partnership on marine litter

13.2.1.4 UNEP clean seas campaign

13.2.1.5 The Basel convention

13.2.2 European strategies and policies on marine litter pollution

13.2.2.1 The marine strategy framework directive

13.2.2.2 EU Directive 2015/720 on plastic bags

13.2.2.3 The EU strategy for plastics in a circular economy

13.2.2.4 The single-use plastics directive

13.2.2.5 The Barcelona convention and its protocols

13.2.3 National and local initiatives

13.3 CONCLUSIONS

Index

Study Guide.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9781523162345

1523162341

9781789061697

1789061695

OCLC:

1203953071