Safety by Design : Human-Centered Approaches to AI, Automation, and Remote Operations.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bjørneseth, øy Birte.

Contributor:

Alsos, Ole Andreas

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (542 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2026.

Summary:

This book has been written for human factors specialists, system designers, engineers, safety professionals, regulators, and project managers working on safety-critical applications involving automation, AI, or remote operations.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Table of Contents

About the Editors

Contributors

Preface

Part 1 Defining Human-Centred Approaches in an Environment of Automation, AI, and Remote

Chapter 1: Designing for the Night Watch: Human Factors Challenges on Modern Ship Bridges

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Human Factors Foundations for Ship Bridges

1.2.1 Situation Awareness

1.2.2 Cognitive Workload

1.2.3 Alarm Fatigue

1.2.4 Human-System Integration

1.3 Maritime Accidents Caused by Human Factors and Poor Bridge Design

1.3.1 City of Rotterdam (2015)

1.3.2 KNM Helge Ingstad (2018)

1.3.3 Viking Sky (2019)

1.3.4 PSV Sjøborg (2019)

1.3.5 USS John S. McCain (2017)

1.3.6 USS Fitzgerald (2017)

1.3.7 Tyrhaug (2023)

1.3.8 NCL Salten (2025)

1.3.9 Patterns across Accidents

1.4 Human Factors and Human-Centred Design

1.4.1 Human-Centred Design

1.4.2 CRIOP: Scenario-Based HF Verification

1.4.3 Bridge and Control Centre Design Standards

1.4.4 Systemic Design Thinking

1.4.5 Design Systems and Standards

1.5 Recurring Design Failures and Their Consequences

1.5.1 Cognitive Workload and Situation Awareness

1.5.2 Bridge Layout

1.5.3 Multitasking

1.5.4 Alarm Management Deficiencies

1.5.5 Organisational and Systemic Failures

1.5.6 Indicators of Poor Usability: Seafarer Workarounds

1.6 Towards Better Design: Embedding Human Factors Early

1.6.1 Example: Unified Bridge

1.6.2 Example: Design Systems

1.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 2: How to Engineer Meaningful Human Control in Digitalisation, Automation/AI, and Remote

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Approach and Methods

2.2.1 Research Approach

2.2.2 Theoretical Foundation

2.2.3 Research Design and Data Collection

2.2.4 Literature Review.

2.2.5 Expert Interviews and Workshops

2.2.6 Case Studies

2.2.7 Analytical Framework

2.2.8 Accident Analysis and Learning

2.3 Results and Discussion

2.3.1 Key Design Issues

2.3.1.1 CRIOP as an Engineering Tool for Validating Meaningful Human Control

2.3.2 Key Operational Issues

2.3.2.1 Maintaining Safety Responsibility in Supply Chains

2.3.2.2 Night Work and Fatigue Management

2.3.2.3 Situational Awareness

2.3.2.4 Error Traps

2.3.2.5 Summary

2.3.3 Key Issues to Support Learning from Incidents

2.3.3.1 Documenting Events and Exploring the Situational Awareness of Actors

2.3.3.2 MHC from Local Control and Risk Control

2.3.3.3 Key Issues in Local Control and Risk Control

2.3.3.4 Exploring Design and Organisational Issues

2.3.3.5 Using CRIOP as an Accident Investigation Tool to Support Meaningful Human Control

2.3.3.6 Towards Better Learning and Investigation Standards

2.4 Validity/Credibility

2.5 Conclusion and Further Work

2.5.1 Establishing Meaningful Human Control

2.5.2 From Design to Operations and Learning

2.5.3 Key Design Priorities

2.5.4 Key Operational Priorities

2.5.5 Key Learning Priorities

2.5.6 Moving Forward

2.6 Training Agenda - Building Competence for Safety by Design

2.6.1 Human-Centred Design and Engineering Process

2.6.2 Key Human Factors Techniques for Modern Systems

2.6.3 Human Performance and Workload

2.6.4 Learning from Practice and Incidents

Part 2 Design Process to Address Challenges of Automation, AI, and Remote

Chapter 3: Integration of Human Factors into Engineering Processes for Flight Deck Design and Certification of Large Aeroplanes: Opportunities and Challenges

3.1 Introduction

3.2 HF Evolution from the Safety Perspective

3.3 Evolution of the Flight Deck

3.4 Regulatory Context.

3.5 HF in Engineering Processes

3.6 Human Properties in Flight Deck Design

3.6.1 Integration in the Task Context

3.6.2 Information Processing - From Prediction to Sensation and Decision-Making

3.6.3 Workload

3.6.4 Situation Awareness

3.6.5 Automation

3.6.6 Human Error

3.7 Examples of HF Integration into a Systems Engineering Process

3.8 Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them

3.8.1 Oversimplification

3.8.2 Addressing Human Variability with Inadequate Competencies

3.8.3 Late, Disconnected, and Inadequate Ways of Working

3.8.4 Handling the Assessment Challenge

3.8.5 Recommendations for Prevention Strategies

3.9 Conclusion and Challenges to Come

Chapter 4: User-Centred Design in Critical Operations: Every Second Counts

Introduction

HDMC Phase 1: Insight Phase

Field Observations and Interviews

Situation Awareness Analysis

Frequency and Criticality Analysis

MTO Analysis

Relations Mapping

A scientifically grounded picture of operator capabilities

HDMC Phase 2: Concept Phase

Moodboard Workshop

Explorative Workflow Sketching

Interface Layout Mapping

Interaction Philosophy

Scaled Workflow Mock-Up

Contextual Concept Design

HDMC Phase 3: Detailed Design and Development Phase

Operation Philosophy and Full-Scale Prototyping

Iterative Prototyping in Context

SA Concept Design Evaluation

HDMC Phase 4: Implementation and Operation

Chapter 5: Human-Centred Design for Autonomy in Remote Ferry Operation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Background

5.2.1 The Transition to Remote Operations

5.2.2 Human-AI Teaming and Meaningful Human Control (MHC)

5.2.3 HMI Design for Meaningful Human Control

5.3 Study Overview and Context

5.3.1 milliAmpere Ferry Research

5.3.2 MF Estelle

5.3.3 The CRIOP Method.

5.4 The Human-Centred Design Process and Findings

5.4.1 Phase 1: Operational Insights from MilliAmpere2 Trial

5.4.2 Phase 2: HMI Design and Integration for MF Estelle

5.4.2.1 Key Design Principles

5.4.2.2 Implementation and Tools

5.4.3 Phase 3: CRIOP Workshop Insights for ROC

5.5 Challenges and Concerns Identified through CRIOP

5.5.1 Challenges and Concerns from the Operator's Perspective

5.5.1.1 Maintaining SA and Navigational Oversight

5.5.1.2 Bridging the Digital Skills Gap

5.5.1.3 Operational Risk, Passenger Interaction, and Workload Management

5.5.2 Takeaways from CRIOP Checklist Analysis

5.5.2.1 ROC Design and Usability

5.5.2.2 Situational Awareness and Interface Reliability

5.5.2.3 Communication and Operational Safety

5.5.3 Emergency Scenario Analysis

5.6 Discussion and Key Insights

5.6.1 Operator Competence and Training

5.6.2 ROC Design Implications

5.6.3 Balancing Transparency and Workload

5.6.4 Future Research

5.6.5 Design Lessons for Safety by Design

5.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Chapter 6: Designing for Safety in Multi-Unit Operation: Insights from Conceptual Design in Petroleum

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Terminology

6.2.1 Multi-Unit Operation

6.2.2 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Multi-Unit Operations

6.3 Standards and Frameworks

6.4 Operational Objectives

6.5 Human Factors Challenges

6.6 Conceptual Dilemmas

6.7 Concept Overview

6.8 Operational Experience

6.9 Conclusion

Chapter 7: Abstracting Lessons from Remotely Managed Incidents to Inform Road Safety Policy for Automated Traffic

7.1 Background

7.1.1 Road Safety Policy Improvements in Norway

7.1.2 Challenges from Automated Traffic Systems

7.1.3 Addressing the Challenges: Cognitive Systems Engineering.

7.1.4 Human Factors in Relevant EU Projects

7.1.5 What Can We Learn from Existing Road Operations Involving Remote Management?

7.2 Aim of an Exploratory Study

7.3 Method

7.4 Results

7.4.1 System Purposes

7.4.2 System Functions and Performers

7.4.3 Applying Functions to Understand Future Scenarios

7.4.4 Safety-Critical Decisions Applied to Future Traffic Systems

7.5 Discussion

Appendix: Summary Analysis of Each in-depth Report

Part 3 Key Techniques for Designing for Safety and HF in Emerging Environments

Chapter 8: The Development of a Remote Operation Centre: Addressing Human Factors When Designing for Autonomous Ship Operations - in ROC

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Development Phases

8.2.1 Phase A: Clarification

8.2.1.1 MUNIN

8.2.1.2 Bridge Guide Procedure

8.2.2 Phase B: Analysis and Definition

8.2.3 Phase C: Conceptual Design

8.2.3.1 Phase C: Test Method

8.2.3.2 Phase C: Test Scenarios

8.2.4 Phase D: Detailed Design

8.2.5 Phase E: Operational Feedback LOAS

8.2.5.1 Phase E: Evaluation of SA Level

8.3 Summary

Chapter 9: Human Factors, Safety, and Technology in the High Arctic Context, Svalbard

9.1 Introduction

9.2 High Arctic Context

9.2.1 The People in Svalbard

9.2.2 Changing Climate

9.2.3 Remoteness and Wildlife

9.3 High Arctic Human Factors

9.3.1 Human Performance in the High Arctic

9.3.2 GPS and Communication Challenges in the High Arctic

9.3.2.1 Human Factors Challenges for Operations

9.3.2.2 Safety by Design Implications

9.3.3 Designing for Human Performance and Safety in High Arctic Conditions

9.4 Longyearbyen Challenges and Technology

9.4.1 Avalanches

9.4.2 Energy

9.5 Conclusion

Chapter 10: Safety-Critical Task Analysis in Automation and Remote Operations

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Error Tolerance.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

9781040876671

9781040876701

OCLC:

1569770695

Publisher Number:

CIPO000378914