Intelligent Medicine : Artificial Intelligence, Patient Safety, and Liability under an EU-Based Perspective.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Lúcia Raposo, Vera Lúcia.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Artificial intelligence.

Robotics in medicine.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (351 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Boston : BRILL, 2026.

Summary:

Intelligent Medicine explores how artificial intelligence reshapes patient safety, the medical standard of care, and liability in healthcare, offering a multidisciplinary EU-based perspective that blends legal, ethical, medical, and technological insights with practical guidance for professionals in the field.

Contents:

Front Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

Chapter 1 What Is AI

1 Understand AI

1.1 From the Turing Test to Current Regulations

1.2 AI, Machine Learning and Deep Learning

1.3 Algorithms

1.4 The Development of AI across the Years

1.5 The Basic Functioning of AI

1.6 Models of AI Learning

1.7 Hardware and Software

1.8 Different Types of AI Development and Autonomy

1.9 Black, Grey and White Boxes

Chapter 2 Uses of AI in Healthcare Delivery

1 Possible Uses of AI in Healthcare Provision

1.1 General Overview

1.2 Triage

1.3 Management of Medical/Clinical Information

1.4 Analysis of Exams and Diagnosis

1.5 Prediction and Risk Calculation

1.6 Therapeutic Options

1.7 Personalised Medicine

1.8 Robotic Surgeries

1.9 Caregiver Robots

1.10 Non-Medical Tasks

2 Does AI Surpass Humans in Healthcare Delivery?

2.1 The Added Value of AI in Healthcare

2.2 The Drawbacks of AI in Healthcare

2.3 Medical AI Capacities versus Human Doctors' Capacities

2.4 The Added Value of Combining AI and Humans in Healthcare Delivery

Chapter 3 Medical AI and Patient Safety

1 AI and Patient Safety

1.1 Medical Errors and Patient Safety

1.2 The Added Value of AI for Patient Safety

2 Legal Regulations Aimed to Improve the Safety of Medical AI

2.1 Medical IT Regulation

2.2 Product Safety Norms

2.3 The Medical Device Regulation

2.4 The AI Regulation

3 Reduction of the Quality of Healthcare Delivery and Threats to Patient Safety

3.1 Data

3.2 Bias

3.3 Lack of Transparency

3.4 Lack of Explainability and the Black Box Problem

3.5 Imprecision and Flawed Results

3.6 The Standardisation of the Unusual

3.7 Cybersecurity

3.8 AI 'Creativity' and Lack of Predictability.

3.9 Failures in Unpredictable Scenarios

3.10 Lack of Human Expertise

3.11 Lack of Empathy

3.12 Lack of Trust

3.13 Ethical AI

Chapter 4 Medical AI and Standard of Care

1 The Standard of Care in Medical Practice

1.1 The Concept of Standard of Care

1.2 Standard of Care and Innovative Practices

2 The Standard of Care within AI Medicine

2.1 Ethical AI Medicine

2.2 How AI Influences the Standard of Care

2.3 The Difficulties in Defining the AI Standard of Care

2.4 A More Demanding Standard of Care for Doctors

2.5 AI and Defensive Medicine

2.6 A Specific Standard of Care Applicable to AI

Chapter 5 Allocation of Liability for Damages Caused to Patients

1 Professional Liability versus Product Liability

1.1 Different Perspectives and Different Scenarios

1.2 A Case Study: the Taylor v. Intuitive Surgical Case

1.3 Selecting the Best Option

1.4 The Liability Gap

1.5 Mechanisms to Address the Liability Gap

1.6 The Difficulties in Assessing Liability Grounded on AI Specificities

2 Medical Liability within AI Medicine

2.1 Basic Concepts in Civil Medical Liability

2.2 Medical Liability in Civil Law and in Tort Law

2.3 The Allocation of Liability between Stakeholders

2.4 Holding the Human Doctor Accountable

2.5 Causation

2.6 The Liability of the Human Healthcare Provider

2.7 The Liability of the Healthcare Facility

3 Product Liability

3.1 AI as a Product

3.2 The Liability of the Manufacturer

3.3 Defective AI Products

3.4 The PLD and the AILD

3.5 The PLD

3.6 The AILD

4 Liability of the Authority That Approved the AI System

4.1 Liability of Approval Bodies and Authorities

4.2 The Specific Case of Notified Bodies under the MDR and the AIA

5 Overview of Possible Scenarios of Medical Liability When Using AI

5.1 No AI Intervention in the Outcome.

5.2 Correct AI Outcome and Wrongful Deviation from the Human

5.3 Wrongful AI Outcome and Excessive Trust from Humans

5.4 Wrongful Use of the AI System

6 The Liability of AI

6.1 The Direct Liability of the AI Entity

6.2 Responsibility of the Institution through the Accountability of AI

6.3 Alternative Liability Models

7 A Possible Way Ahead: the No-Fault Mechanism

7.1 The Criticism of the Negligence-Based Models

7.2 The No-Fault System

8 Insurance

8.1 The Added Benefit of AI Insurance Schemes

8.2 Insurance for Humans and Insurance for Software

Chapter 6 A Standard of Care for AI Medicine

1 Medical Standard of Care and Technological Innovation

1.1 A Delicate Balance between Regulation and Innovation

1.2 The Doctor-Machine Relationship

2 Medical AI Specific Patient's Rights

2.1 Privacy Rights and Data Protection Rights

2.2 The Right Not to Have AI Involved in Medical Care

3 AI Standard of Care: When to Use AI / When to Rely on AI

3.1 Trust in Technology

3.2 Trust in AI Medicine

3.3 Disagreements between the Doctor and the AI Systems

3.4 Liability Considerations in the Use of AI in Healthcare Delivery

3.5 Human Oversight

3.6 The Use of AI as Part of the Medical Standard of Care

4 AI Standard of Care: Informed Consent in AI Medicine

4.1 The Ratio of Patients' Informed Consent

4.2 Content of Informed Consent in AI Medicine

4.3 Challenges Raised by Black-Box AI

4.4 Too Much Information versus Reasonable Information

4.5 From Informed Consent to Patient Participation in Decision Making

5 Empathy in AI-Based Medicine

5.1 The Relevance of Empathy in Healthcare

5.2 Changes in Doctor-Patient Relationship

5.3 The Progressive Erosion of Medical Empathy due to Technology

5.4 Empathy in Doctor-Patient-AI Relationship

Conclusive Notes.

1 Will AI Replace Human Doctors?

2 Closing Observations

References

Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

Other Format:

Print version: Lúcia Raposo, Vera Lúcia Intelligent Medicine

ISBN:

9789004543980

OCLC:

1592686764