Pesticides and Neurotoxicant Exposures : Impacts of Neurodevelopment and Long-Term Brain Health.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Gogia MS, Neha.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Neurotoxicology.

Pesticides.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (811 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2026.

Summary:

Pesticides and Neurotoxicant Exposures: Impacts of Neurodevelopment and Long-Term Brain Health explores neuroscience research, revealing how chronic pesticide exposure contributes to neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive decline.

Contents:

Front Cover

Pesticides and Neurotoxicant Exposures: Impacts of Neurodevelopment and Long-Term Brain Health

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

1 Introduction to pesticides and neurotoxicity

1 Pesticides and human health: an overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Major classes of pesticides, uses, and exposure routes

1.2.1 Major pesticide classes

1.2.1.1 Based on target organism

1.2.1.2 Based on chemical structure

1.2.2 Exposure to humans

1.2.2.1 Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics relevant to the nervous system

1.3 Mechanisms of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity

1.3.1 Organophosphates and carbamates

1.3.2 Pyrethroids

1.3.3 Organochlorines

1.3.4 Herbicides

1.3.5 Mixtures, low-dose effects, and noncholinergic effects

1.4 Epidemiological evidence

1.4.1 Acute pesticide poisoning and clinical management

1.4.2 Neurodevelopmental outcomes

1.4.2.1 Evidence from organophosphate exposure

1.4.2.2 Evidence from pyrethroid exposure

1.4.2.3 Methodological limitations and interpretation

1.4.2.4 Weight of evidence and regulatory relevance

1.4.3 Neurodegenerative diseases and adult outcomes

1.4.4 Psychiatric and behavioral impacts

1.5 Exposure assessment and biomonitoring approaches

1.6 Risk assessment, regulation, and monitoring programs

1.7 Mitigation strategies and clinical/public health interventions

1.7.1 Primary prevention and exposure reduction

1.7.2 Clinical and public health measures

1.8 Future directions

1.9 Conclusions

Abbreviations

AI disclosure

References

2 Neurotoxic effects of pesticides: mechanisms and pathways

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Neurotoxicity of pesticides

2.2.1 Organophosphorus pesticides

2.2.2 Organochlorine pesticides

2.2.3 Carbamates

2.2.4 Pyrethroids

2.2.5 Neonicotinoids.

2.3 Mechanisms of neurotoxicity in organophosphates

2.3.1 Mechanisms of cholinesterase inhibition

2.3.2 Noncholinesterase mechanisms

2.3.3 Impaired axonal transport

2.3.4 Oxidative stress

2.3.5 Mitochondrial dysfunction

2.3.6 Neuroinflammation

2.3.7 Autoimmunity

2.3.8 Neurotrophins

2.3.9 Microbes

2.4 Conclusion and future perspectives

3 Classification of pesticides and their neurotoxic potential

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Pesticides

3.2.1 Classification of pesticides

3.2.1.1 Based on target organism, insecticides

3.2.1.2 Herbicides

3.2.1.3 Fungicides

3.2.1.4 Rodenticides

3.2.1.5 Nematicides

3.2.1.6 Bactericides

3.2.1.7 Molluscicides

3.2.1.8 Acaricides

3.2.1.9 Avicides

3.2.2 Basis of toxicity level

3.2.3 Basis of their chemical structure

3.3 Insecticides

3.3.1 Organophosphates

3.3.2 Carbamates

3.3.3 Organochlorines

3.3.4 Pyrethroids

3.3.5 Neonicotinoids

3.3.6 Phenylpyrazoles

3.4 Herbicides

3.4.1 Based on the mode of action

3.4.1.1 Based on environmental persistence

3.4.1.1.1 Persistent pesticides

3.4.1.1.2 Nonpersistent pesticides

3.4.2 Based on source or origin

3.4.2.1 Synthetic pesticides

3.4.2.2 Natural pesticides

3.4.2.3 Botanical pesticides

3.4.2.4 Microbial pesticides

3.4.2.5 Mineral-derived pesticides

3.4.3 Based on registration and regulation status

3.4.3.1 Approved/registered pesticides

3.4.3.2 Banned pesticides

3.4.3.3 Restricted use pesticides

3.4.4 Based on application method

3.4.4.1 Contact pesticides

3.4.4.2 Systemic pesticides

3.4.4.3 Fumigants

3.4.4.4 Soil-applied pesticides

3.4.4.5 Foliar sprays

3.4.4.6 Seed treatments

3.5 Neurotoxic mechanisms of pesticides

3.5.1 Blood-brain barrier penetration

3.5.2 Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase.

3.5.3 Ion channel disruption

3.5.4 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

3.5.5 Excitotoxicity and calcium overload

3.6 Neurotoxic potential of major pesticide classes

3.6.1 Strategies to mitigate neurotoxicity

3.6.1.1 Safer alternatives and biopesticides

3.6.1.2 Personal protective equipment and safe practices

3.6.1.3 Integrated pest management

3.6.1.4 Public health education and awareness

3.7 Conclusion

4 Routes of pesticide exposure and bioaccumulation

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Classification of pesticides relevant to exposure and accumulation

4.3 Major routes of pesticide exposure

4.3.1 Occupational exposure

4.3.2 Dietary exposure

4.3.3 Environmental and residential exposure

4.3.4 Dermal, inhalation, and oral absorption pathways

4.4 Toxicokinetics of pesticides

4.5 Mechanisms of pesticide bioaccumulation

4.6 Biomagnification in food chains

4.7 Vulnerable populations and sensitive ecosystems

4.8 Health and ecological implications of chronic bioaccumulation

4.9 Exposure assessment and monitoring strategies

4.10 Regulatory perspectives and risk mitigation

4.11 Conclusions and future directions

Acknowledgment

5 Epidemiological evidence of pesticide-„induced neurotoxicity

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Global use of pesticides and human exposure

5.3 Overview of neurotoxicity and mechanistic pathways

5.4 Importance of epidemiological evidence

5.5 Classification and toxicological profile of pesticides

5.5.1 Organophosphates

5.5.2 Organochlorines

5.5.3 Carbamates

5.5.4 Pyrethroids

5.5.5 Neonicotinoids

5.5.6 Neurotoxic potential of herbicides/fungicides

5.6 Mechanisms of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity

5.6.1 Cholinesterase inhibition.

5.6.2 Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

5.6.3 Neuroinflammation and cytokine imbalance

5.6.4 Disruption of neurodevelopmental signaling pathways

5.6.5 Epigenetic and genetic modifications

5.7 Epidemiological studies and evidence

5.7.1 Study designs in neurotoxicology research

5.7.2 Occupational exposure studies in agricultural workers

5.7.3 Environmental exposure in general populations

5.7.4 Prenatal and early-life exposure studies

5.7.5 Longitudinal studies linking exposure to neurodegenerative diseases

5.8 Pesticides and neurodevelopmental disorders

5.8.1 Autism spectrum disorder

5.8.2 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

5.8.3 Cognitive and behavioral impairments in children

5.9 Pesticides and neurodegenerative diseases

5.9.1 Parkinson's disease

5.9.2 Alzheimer's disease

5.9.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurological conditions

5.10 Dose-response relationships and exposure assessment

5.10.1 Biomarkers of exposure and effect

5.10.2 Cumulative and synergistic effects of multiple pesticides

5.10.3 Limitations in exposure measurement and interpretation

5.11 Risk modifiers and susceptibility factors

5.11.1 Genetic polymorphisms

5.11.2 Age, sex, and nutritional status

5.11.3 Occupational and socioeconomic factors

5.12 Preventive and regulatory perspectives

5.12.1 Current regulatory frameworks and risk assessment guidelines

5.12.2 International efforts to reduce neurotoxic pesticide exposure

5.13 Safer alternatives and integrated pest management

5.14 Gaps, limitations, and future directions

5.15 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

2 Pesticides classes and their neurotoxic effects

6 Organophosphate and acetylcholinesterase inhibition

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Methodology.

6.3 Structural inequality and hub dominance revealed by the cumulative degree distribution

6.4 Intellectual concentration and knowledge structure revealed by the cocitation network

6.5 Conceptual structure and thematic polarization of organophosphate and cholinesterase inhibition research

6.6 Thematic core, knowledge clusters, and intellectual connectivity in the acetylcholinesterase-organophosphate research network

6.7 Evolution and thematic shifts in organophosphate and acetylcholinesterase inhibition research

6.8 Conclusion

7 Carbamates: mechanisms of neurotoxicity

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Chemical diversity, environmental fate, and human exposure to carbamates

7.3 Molecular basis of carbamate toxicity beyond acetylcholinesterase inhibition

7.3.1 Limitations of the cholinesterase-centric toxicity paradigm

7.3.2 Mitochondrial dysfunction and bioenergetic failure

7.3.3 Oxidative stress as a convergent mechanism of toxicity

7.3.4 Disruption of redox-sensitive signaling pathways

7.3.5 Endocrine and metabolic dysregulation

7.3.6 Genotoxicity, epigenetic alterations, and cell fate decisions

7.4 Oxidative stress as a central mediator of carbamate toxicity

7.4.1 Conceptual framework of oxidative stress in chemical toxicology

7.4.2 Sources of reactive oxygen species during carbamate exposure

7.4.3 Lipid peroxidation and membrane damage

7.4.4 Protein oxidation and enzymatic dysfunction

7.4.5 Organ-specific manifestations of oxidative injury

7.4.6 Oxidative stress as a link to redox-regulated transcriptional responses

7.5 Nrf2 signaling pathway: structure, regulation, and redox homeostasis

7.6 Noncanonical regulation of Nrf2 during toxicant exposure

7.7 Carbamates and Nrf2 modulation: experimental and mechanistic evidence.

7.8 Dual role of Nrf2: cytoprotection versus disease promotion.

Notes:

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Other Format:

Print version: Gogia MS, Neha Pesticides and Neurotoxicant Exposures

ISBN:

9780443442889

OCLC:

1593366035