Active electronically scanned arrays : fundamentals and applications / Arik D. Brown.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Brown, Arik D. (Arik Darnell), author.

Series:

IEEE Press

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Antenna arrays.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (275 pages)

Place of Publication:

Hoboken, New Jersey : IEEE Press : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2022]

Summary:

In Active Electronically Scanned Arrays: Fundamentals and Applications, electromagnetics expert Dr. Arik D. Brown delivers a foundational treatment of active electronically scanned arrays (AESAs) ideal for engineering students and professionals. The distinguished author provides an overview of the primary subsystems of an AESA and detailed explanations of key design concepts and fundamentals for subsystems, including antenna array elements, transmit/receive modules, and beamformers. Performance results for various AESA architectures often found in industry, including analog, subarrayed, and digital beamforming AESAs, are discussed. With a focus on practical knowledge and applications, Active Electronically Scanned Arrays: Fundamentals and Applications offers an accessible overview of a technology critical to the implementation of collision avoidance in cars, air surveillance radar, communication antennas, and defense technologies. The book also includes: * A thorough introduction to AESAs, including a top-level block diagram view and explanations of key components and subsystems * Detailed explanations of the impact of AESAs on mission applications including Radar, Electronic Attack (EA), Electronic Support Measures (ESM), SIGINT and Communications * Comprehensive explorations of antenna array elements, transmit/receive modules, and beamformers including their purpose, functions, and practical design considerations * In-depth examinations of AESA architecture performance for current and future systems * Utility of AESAs for implementing adaptive beamforming for Electronic Counter-Countermeasures (ECCM) Perfect for electrical engineers working with active electronically scanned arrays, electronic warfare technologies, radar, or communications, Active Electronically Scanned Arrays: Fundamentals and Applications will also prove to be an invaluable resource for defense students undertaking military education and training.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Chapter 1 AESA Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 AESA History

1.3 AESA Applications

1.3.1 RADAR

1.3.2 Electronic Warfare

1.3.2.1 Electronic Attack

1.3.2.2 Electronic Support Measures

1.3.3 Communications

1.3.4 Signals Intelligence

1.4 AESA Point of Reference

1.5 Block Diagram

1.5.1 Antenna Array Elements

1.5.2 Transmit Receive Modules

1.5.3 Beamformer

1.6 AESA Cascaded Performance and Architecture Selection

References

Chapter 2 AESA Theory

2.1 Introduction

2.2 General One‐Dimensional Formulation

2.2.1 Pattern Expression without Electronic Scanning

2.2.2 Pattern Expression with Electronic Scanning

2.3 AESA Fundamental Topics

2.3.1 Beamwidth

2.3.2 Instantaneous Bandwidth

2.3.3 Grating Lobes

2.3.4 Error Effects

2.3.5 Quantization Effects

2.3.6 Random Error Effects (Amplitude and Phase)

2.4 One‐Dimensional Pattern Synthesis

2.4.1 Varying Amplitude Distribution

2.4.2 Varying Frequency

2.4.3 Varying Scan Angle

2.5 Conformal Arrays This section is based on a technical memo written by the author and Dr. Sumati Rajan with the consultation of Dr. Daniel Boeringer.

2.5.1 Array Pattern for a Linear Array

2.5.2 Array Pattern for a Conformal Array

2.5.3 Example

2.5.3.1 Conformal One‐Dimensional Array

2.6 2D AESA Pattern Formulation

2.6.1 AESA Spatial Coordinate Definitions

2.6.2 Antenna Coordinates

2.6.3 Radar Coordinates

2.6.4 Antenna Cone Angle Coordinates

2.6.5 Sine Space Representation

2.6.6 AESA Element Grid

2.6.6.1 Rectangular Grid

2.6.6.2 Triangular Grid

2.6.7 Two‐Dimensional Pattern Synthesis

2.6.7.1 Ideal Patterns

2.7 Circular Grid AESA Patterns

2.8 Tilted AESA Patterns

2.9 Integrated Gain

References.

Chapter 3 Array Elements

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Bandwidth

3.3 Polarization

3.3.1 Electromagnetic Polarization Fundamentals

3.3.2 Types of Polarization

3.3.2.1 Linear Polarization

3.3.2.2 Circular Polarization

3.3.2.3 Elliptical Polarization

3.3.3 Polarization States

3.3.4 Array Polarization

3.3.4.1 Key Requirements

3.4 Array Grid

3.5 Mismatch and Ohmic Loss

3.6 Active Match

3.7 Scan Loss

Chapter 4 Transmit Receive Modules

4.1 Overview

4.1.1 TRM Baseline Topology

4.1.1.1 TR Switches

4.1.1.2 Amplifiers

4.1.1.3 Pre‐Amplifier and HPA

4.1.1.4 LNA

4.1.1.5 Phase Shifter

4.1.1.6 Attenuator

4.1.1.7 Circulator

4.1.1.8 Receiver Protector

4.1.1.9 Filters

4.1.2 TRM Topology Types

4.1.2.1 Receive Only

4.1.2.2 Channelization

4.1.2.3 Simultaneous Beams

4.1.2.4 Multi‐Channel TRMs

4.2 Transmit Operation

4.2.1 Efficiency and Amplifier Classes

4.2.2 P1dB

4.2.3 Linearity

4.2.3.1 Harmonics and Intermodulation Products

4.2.3.2 Intercept Point

4.2.4 Wideband Operation

4.2.4.1 Nonlinear Beams

4.2.5 Thermal Implications Due to Output Match

4.3 Receive Operation

4.4 Reliability2

4.4.1 Probability of Failed Elements

4.4.2 MTBF

Chapter 5 Beamformers

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Tile and Brick Architectures

5.1.2 Corporate and Noncorporate Beamforming

5.2 Lossless Beamformer

5.2.1 Transmit

5.2.2 Receive

5.3 Beamformer Weighting

5.4 Distributed Weighting

5.5 Beam Spoiling

5.6 Monopulse for Angle Estimation

5.6.1 Three Channel Monopulse with an AESA

5.6.1.1 Calibration for Monopulse Coupler Errors

5.6.2 Two‐Channel Monopulse with an AESA

5.6.2.1 Low Sidelobe Delta Beams

Chapter 6 AESA Cascaded Performance

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Fundamental Expressions for Cascade Calculations

6.2.1 Noise Model

6.2.1.1 Active Device

6.2.1.2 Resistive Device

6.2.1.3 Noise Factor Definition

6.2.2 Cascaded Noise Factor

6.3 AESA Cascaded Performance

6.3.1 AESA Output Signal Power

6.3.2 AESA Output Noise Power

6.3.3 AESA Signal/Noise Gain and Noise Factor

6.3.4 AESA nth‐Order Intercept Point

6.3.5 AESA Spurious Free Dynamic Range

Chapter 7 AESA Architectures

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Baseline Architecture

7.3 Subarray Architectures

7.4 Subarray Pattern Formulation

7.5 Subarray Beamforming

7.5.1 Subarray Phase Shifter Beamforming

7.5.2 Subarray Time Delay Beamforming

7.5.3 Subarray Digital Beamforming

7.6 Overlapped Subarrays

7.7 Elemental DBF Architecture

7.8 Adaptive Beamforming

Appendix A Array Factor (AF) Derivation

Appendix B Instantaneous Bandwidth Derivation

Reference

Appendix C Triangular Grid Grating Lobes Derivation

Appendix D General Expression for Intercept Point Derivation

Appendix E Impact of Failed Elements on AESA Performance

Appendix F Sidelobe Blanking with an AESA

Appendix G External Noise Considerations1

Appendix H Important AESA Equations Reference

H.1 System Level Equations

H.1.1 Radar Range Equation

H.1.2 Signal and Noise Gain

H.1.3 Array Gain

H.2 AESA Theory

H.2.1 1D Pattern

H.2.1.1 Phase Shifter and Time Delay Steering

H.2.1.2 General Expression

H.2.1.3 Conformal Array

H.2.1.4 Alternate AF Expression

H.2.2 2D Pattern

H.2.3 Beamwidth

H.2.4 Instantaneous Bandwidth (IBW)

H.2.5 Grating Lobes

H.2.6 AESA Errors

H.2.7 Coordinate System Transformations

H.2.8 Sine Space

H.2.9 Roll, Pitch, and Yaw Formulas

H.2.10 Integrated Gain

H.3 Array Elements

H.3.1 Fractional Bandwidth.

H.3.2 Polarization

H.3.3 Active Match

H.3.4 Scan Loss

H.4 Transmit Receive Modules

H.4.1 Amplifier Expressions

H.4.2 Reliability

H.5 Beamformer

H.5.1 General Beamformer Expressions

H.5.2 Beam Spoiling

H.5.3 Monopulse AOA

H.6 AESA Cascaded Performance

H.6.1 Fundamental Expressions

H.6.2 AESA Cascaded Expressions

H.7 Adaptive Beamforming

Index

EULA.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781119749080

1119749085

9781119749097

1119749093

9781119749066

1119749069

OCLC:

1287862563