Electric Power and Energy Distribution Systems

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Venkata, Subrahmanyam S.

Pahwa, Anil

Series:

IEEE Press Series

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Wiley-Blackwell 2022

Summary:

Electric Power and Energy Distribution Systems Provides a comprehensive introduction to today's electric power distribution systems, perfect for advanced students and industry professionals Due to growth of renewable resources and advances in information technology, electric power distribution systems have undergone significant changes over the past fifteen years. The expansion of technologies such as consumer rooftop solar panels, electric vehicles, smart energy storage, and automated metering infrastructure make planning and operating power distribution systems challenging. Integration of advanced technologies at the distribution level is critical for realizing higher efficiency, reliability, resiliency, and flexibility. Electric Power and Energy Distribution Systems: Models, Methods, and Applications provides comprehensive coverage of the key aspects of conventional and emerging distribution systems, including modeling, methodologies, analysis, planning, economics, distribution automation, reliability, grounding, protection, power quality, and distributed energy resources. Written by experts with decades of experience in academia and industry, this textbook integrates theory and practice to present a well-balanced treatment of topics relevant to modern electric power distribution systems. Detailed chapters address modeling of distribution system components, load characteristics and optimal selection of devices, microgrids and other types of energy resources, the challenges associated with the planning and operation of distribution systems, and more. Covers a wide range of both legacy and contemporary issues supported by rigorous analysis and practical insights Provides in-depth examination of outage management, voltage control, system restoration, and other operational functions Features real-world case studies of distribution automation functions in urban and rural power systems Discusses technologies for distributed energy resources (DER) with a focus on wind, solar, and battery storage Describes fundamental economics in the context of power distribution systems, such as the impact of tariffs on selling electricity to consumers of different types Explains the architecture of distribution system protection, including fuses, reclosers, overcurrent relays, and grounding practices The ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate and first-year graduate courses, Electric Power and Energy Distribution Systems: Models, Methods, and Applications is also an excellent reference for professionals with limited prior knowledge about distribution systems.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contents

Biography

Preface

Organization of the Book

Acknowledgments

About the Companion Website

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Prologue

1.2 The Past

1.3 The Present

1.4 The Future

1.5 New Developments

1.6 Epilogue

1.7 The Electric Power System

1.8 Distribution System Devices

1.8.1 Substation Devices

1.8.1.1 Power Transformers

1.8.1.2 Switchgear

1.8.1.3 Compensating Devices

1.8.1.4 Protection Equipment

1.8.1.5 Control and Monitoring Devices

1.8.2 Primary System Components

1.8.2.1 Feeders and Laterals

1.8.2.2 Switches

1.8.2.3 Compensating Devices

1.8.2.4 Protection Equipment

1.8.2.5 Control and Monitoring Devices

1.8.2.6 Distribution Transformers

1.8.2.7 Types of Primary Systems

1.8.3 Secondary System Components

1.9 Frequently Asked Questions on Distribution Systems

Reference

Chapter 2 Distribution System Transformers

2.1 Definition

2.2 Types of Distribution Transformers

2.2.1 Overhead Transformers

2.2.2 Underground Transformers

2.3 Standards

2.3.1 Loading of Transformers

2.3.2 Types of Cooling

2.3.2.1 OA - Oil‐Immersed Self‐Cooled

2.3.2.2 OA/FA - Oil‐Immersed Self‐Cooled/Forced‐Air Cooled

2.3.2.3 OA/FA/FOA - Oil‐immersed Self‐Cooled/Forced‐Air Cooled/Forced‐Oil Forced‐Air Cooled

2.3.2.4 FOA - Oil‐Immersed Forced‐Oil Cooled with Forced‐Air Cooled

2.3.2.5 OW - Oil‐Immersed Water Cooled

2.3.2.6 FOW - Oil‐Immersed Forced‐Oil Cooled with Forced‐Water Cooled

2.3.2.7 AA - Dry‐Type Self‐cooled

2.3.2.8 AFA - Dry‐Type Forced‐Air Cooled

2.3.2.9 AA/FA - Dry‐Type Self‐cooled/Forced‐Air Cooled

2.3.3 Terminal Markings and Polarity

2.3.4 Insulation Class

2.4 Single‐Phase Transformer

2.4.1 Model for a Single‐Phase Transformer

2.4.2 Performance Analysis

2.4.3 Regulation.

2.4.4 Taps

2.5 Distribution Transformer Connections

2.5.1 Example

2.5.2 Parallel Operation of Three‐wire Transformers

2.5.3 Single‐Phase Autotransformers

2.6 Three‐Phase Transformer Connections

2.6.1 Analysis of Y/Δ Transformer with Unbalanced Load

2.6.2 Analysis of Y/Y Transformer

2.6.3 Three‐winding Transformer

Problems

References

Chapter 3 Distribution Line Models

3.1 Overview

3.2 Conductor Types and Sizes

3.2.1 Sizes

3.2.2 Overhead Feeders

3.2.3 Underground Feeders

3.2.4 Conductor Data

3.3 Generalized Carson's Models

3.4 Series Impedance Models of Overhead Lines

3.4.1 Three‐phase Line

3.4.2 Single‐ and Two‐phase Line Modeling

3.4.3 Three‐phase Line Example

3.5 Series Impedance Models of Underground Lines

3.5.1 Nonconcentric Neutral Cables

3.5.2 Concentric Neutral Cables

3.5.2.1 Single‐phase Cable

3.5.2.2 Three‐phase Cable

Chapter 4 Distribution System Analysis

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Modeling of Source Impedance

4.3 Load Models

4.3.1 Load Model I

4.3.2 Load Model II

4.3.3 Load Model III

4.3.4 Load Model IV

4.4 Distributed Energy Resources (DERs)

4.5 Power Flow Studies

4.5.1 Line Model

4.5.2 Load and DER Model

4.5.3 Computing Currents

4.5.4 Power Flow Algorithm

4.6 Voltage Regulation

4.6.1 Voltage Regulation Definition

4.6.2 Approximate Method for Voltage Regulation

4.6.3 Voltage Drop on Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load

4.6.4 Voltage Drop on a Radial Feeder Serving a Triangular Area

4.7 Fault Calculations

4.7.1 Prefault System

4.7.2 Three‐phase Fault

4.7.3 Double‐Line‐to‐Ground (DLG) Fault

4.7.4 Single‐Line‐to‐Ground (SLG) Fault

4.7.5 Line‐to‐Line (LL) Fault

4.7.6 Symmetrical Component‐based Fault Analysis

4.7.6.1 Three‐phase Fault

4.7.6.2 DLG Fault.

4.7.6.3 SLG Fault

4.7.6.4 LL Fault

Chapter 5 Distribution System Planning

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Traditional vs. Modern Approaches to Planning

5.3 Long‐term Load Forecasting

5.4 Load Characteristics

5.4.1 Customer Classes

5.4.2 Loads in a Modern House

5.4.3 Time Aggregation

5.4.4 Diversity and Coincidence

5.4.5 Demand Factor

5.4.6 Load Duration Curve

5.4.7 Load Factor

5.4.8 Loss Factor

5.5 Design Criteria and Standards

5.5.1 Voltage Standards

5.5.2 Conservation Voltage Reduction

5.6 Distribution System Design

5.6.1 Substation Design

5.6.2 Design of Primary Feeders

5.6.3 Design of Secondary Systems

5.6.4 Underground Distribution Systems

5.6.5 Rural vs. Urban Systems

5.7 Cold Load Pickup (CLPU)

5.7.1 CLPU Fundamentals

5.7.2 CLPU Models

5.7.3 Impacts of CLPU

5.7.4 Operating Limits

5.8 Asset Management

Chapter 6 Economics of Distribution Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basic Concepts

6.2.1 Interest Rate

6.2.2 Inflation

6.2.3 Discount Rate

6.2.4 Time Value of Money

6.2.5 Annuity

6.2.6 Present Worth of Annuity

6.2.7 Present Worth of Geometric Series

6.3 Selection of Devices: Conductors and Transformers

6.3.1 Distribution Feeder Conductors

6.3.1.1 Conductor Economics

6.3.1.2 Reach of Feeders

6.3.1.3 Optimal Selection of Conductors for Feeders

6.3.1.4 Example

6.3.2 Economic Evaluation of Transformers

6.4 Tariffs and Pricing

6.4.1 Electricity Rates

6.4.1.1 Energy

6.4.1.2 Demand

6.4.1.3 Time of Use (TOU)

6.4.1.4 Critical Peak Pricing (CPP)

6.4.1.5 Critical Peak Rebates (CPRs)

6.4.1.6 Interruptible Rates

6.4.1.7 Power Factor‐Based Rates

6.4.1.8 Real‐Time Price

6.4.1.9 Net Metering

6.4.2 Understanding Electricity Bills

6.4.2.1 Monthly Rate.

6.4.3 Rural Electric Cooperatives (RECs)

6.4.4 Municipal Utilities

Chapter 7 Distribution System Operation and Automation

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Distribution Automation

7.3 Communication Infrastructure

7.4 Distribution Automation Functions

7.4.1 Outage Management

7.4.2 Feeder Reconfiguration

7.4.3 Voltage and var Management

7.4.3.1 Transformer LTC Operation

7.4.3.2 Capacitor Operation

7.4.3.3 Regulator Operation

7.4.3.4 Smart Inverters

7.4.4 Monitoring and Control

7.4.4.1 Transformer Life Extension

7.4.4.2 Recloser/Circuit Breaker Monitoring and Control

7.5 Cost-Benefit of Distribution Automation

7.5.1 Higher Energy Sales

7.5.2 Reduced Labor for Fault Location

7.5.3 O&amp

M of Switches and Controllers

7.5.4 Lesser Low‐Voltage Complaints

7.6 Cost-Benefit Case Studies

Chapter 8 Analysis of Distribution System Operation Functions

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Outage Management

8.2.1 Trouble Call Analysis

8.2.1.1 Outage Location Using Escalation Methods

8.2.1.2 Rule‐Based Escalation

8.2.1.3 Test Cases

8.3 Voltage and var Control

8.3.1 Load Tap Changer

8.3.2 Line Regulators

8.3.3 Capacitors

8.3.4 Capacitor Placement

8.3.4.1 Illustrative Example

8.3.5 Capacitor Switching and Control

8.4 Distribution System Reconfiguration

8.4.1 Multiobjective Reconfiguration Problem

8.4.1.1 Minimization of Real Loss

8.4.1.2 Transformer Load Balancing

8.4.1.3 Minimization of Voltage Deviation

8.4.2 Illustrative Example

8.5 Distribution System Restoration

8.5.1 Step‐by‐Step Restoration

8.5.2 Restoration Times

8.5.3 Derivation of Restoration Times

8.5.4 Optimal Operation and Design for Restoration During CLPU

8.5.4.1 Thermally Limited System

8.5.4.2 Voltage Drop Limited System

References.

Chapter 9 Distribution System Reliability

9.1 Motivation

9.2 Basic Definitions

9.3 Reliability Indices

9.3.1 Basic Parameters

9.3.2 Sustained Interruption Indices

9.3.2.1 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)

9.3.2.2 System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI)

9.3.2.3 Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI)

9.3.2.4 Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (CTAIDI)

9.3.2.5 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI)

9.3.2.6 Average Service Availability Index (ASAI)

9.3.2.7 Customers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMIn)

9.3.2.8 Customers Experiencing Long Interruption Durations (CELID)

9.3.3 Load‐based Indices

9.3.3.1 Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI)

9.3.3.2 Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI)

9.3.4 Momentary Interruption Indices

9.3.4.1 Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI)

9.3.4.2 The Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index (MAIFIE)

9.3.4.3 Customers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruption and Momentary Interruption Events Index (CEMSMIn)

9.3.5 Sustained Interruption Example

9.3.6 Momentary Interruption Example

9.4 Major Event Day Classification

9.5 Causes of Outages

9.5.1 Trees

9.5.2 Lightning

9.5.3 Wind

9.5.4 Icing

9.5.5 Animals/Birds

9.5.6 Vehicular Traffic

9.5.7 Age of Components

9.5.8 Conductor Size

9.6 Outage Recording

9.7 Predictive Reliability Assessment

9.7.1 Component Failure Models

9.7.2 Network Reduction

9.7.3 Markov Modeling

9.7.4 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

9.7.4.1 FMEA Method Assumptions

9.7.4.2 FMEA Procedure

9.7.5 Monte Carlo Simulation

9.8 Regulation of Reliability

Chapter 10 Distribution System Grounding

10.1 Basics of Grounding.

10.1.1 Need for Grounding.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

1-119-83826-6

OCLC:

1527723040