The cerebral circulation / Marilyn J. Cipolla.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cipolla, Marilyn J.

Series:

Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Colloquium series on integrated systems physiology, from molecule to function, 1947-9468 ; # 2.

Integrated systems physiology, from molecule to function, 1947-9468 ; # 2

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cerebral circulation.

Brain--Blood-vessels.

Brain.

Cerebrovascular Circulation.

Medical Subjects:

Cerebrovascular Circulation.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (70 p.)

Place of Publication:

San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA) : Morgan & Claypool, c2010.

Language Note:

English

Summary:

This presentation describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands, and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic, and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death. This chapter will review these special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain.

Contents:

1. Introduction

2. Anatomy and ultrastructure

The arteries

Cerebral vascular architecture

The veins

Structure of cerebral vessels

The microcirculation and the "neurovascular unit"

Pericytes

Collaterals

3. Perivascular innervation

Roles of extrinsic innervation

4. Regulation of cerebrovascular tone

Myogenic response

Mechanisms of myogenic response initiation

Mechanisms of myogenic reactivity

Feedback

Effect of disease states on myogenic tone and reactivity

Endothelial regulation of tone

Nitric oxide

Endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor

Prostacyclin

5. Control of cerebral blood flow

Cerebral hemodynamics

Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow

Segmental vascular resistance

Neural-astrocyte regulation

Effect of oxygen

Effect of carbon dioxide

6. Barriers of the CNS

The blood-CSF barrier

The blood-brain barrier

Ultrastructure of the BBB

Tight junctions

Adherens junctions

Regulation of paracellular permeability

BBB transporters

Transcellular transport

Water homeostasis in the brain

Hydraulic conductivity

Role of astrocytes in BBB function

Cerebral edema formation

Cytotoxic vs. vasogenic edema

Summary

References.

Notes:

Part of: Colloquium digital library of life sciences.

Series from website.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-59a).

Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on March 15, 2010).

Cited in:

Google scholar

Google book search

ISBN:

1-61504-013-7

OCLC:

656228707