When the Kids Grow Up: Women's Employment and Earnings across the Family Cycle / Claudia Goldin, Sari Pekkala Kerr, Claudia Olivetti.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Goldin, Claudia.

Contributor:

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Pekkala Kerr, Sari.

Olivetti, Claudia.

Series:

Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w30323.

NBER working paper series no. w30323

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource: illustrations (black and white);

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2022.

Summary:

Women earn less than men, and that is especially true of mothers relative to fathers. Much of the widening occurs after family formation when mothers reduce their hours of work. But what happens when the kids grow up? To answer that question, we estimate three earning gaps: the "motherhood penalty," the "price of being female," and the "fatherhood premium." When added together these three produce the "parental gender gap," defined as the difference in income between mothers and fathers. We estimate earnings gaps for two education groups (college graduates and high school graduates who did not complete college) using longitudinal data from the NLSY79 that tracks respondents from their twenties to their fifties. As the children grow up and as women work more hours, the motherhood penalty is greatly reduced, especially for the less-educated group. But fathers manage to expand their relative gains, particularly among college graduates. The parental gender gap in earnings remains substantial for both education groups.

Notes:

Print version record

August 2022.