The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The 20th Century United States / David M. Cutler, Grant Miller.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cutler, David M.

Contributor:

National Bureau of Economic Research.

Miller, Grant.

Series:

Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w10511.

NBER working paper series no. w10511

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource: illustrations (black and white);

Other Title:

The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2004.

Summary:

Mortality rates in the US fell more rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th Centuries than any other period in American history. This decline coincided with an epidemiological transition and the disappearance of a mortality "penalty" associated with living in urban areas. There is little empirical evidence and much unresolved debate about what caused these improvements, however. This paper investigates the causal influence of clean water technologies - filtration and chlorination - on mortality in major cities during the early 20th Century. Plausibly exogenous variation in the timing and location of technology adoption is used to idetify these effects, and the validity of this identifying assumption is examined in detail. We find that clean water was responsible for nearly half of the total mortality reduction in major cities, three-quarters of the infant mortality reduction, and nearly two-thirds of the child mortality reduction. Rough calculations suggest that the social rate of return to these technologies was greater than 23 to 1 with a cost per life-year saved by clean water of about $500 in 2003 dollars. Implications for developing countries are briefly considered.

Notes:

Print version record

May 2004.