Canada : 2016 / OECD.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, contributor.

Series:

OECD Economic surveys (Series)

OECD Economic Surveys

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Economic history.

Canada--Economic conditions.

Canada.

Canada--Economic policy.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (160 pages).

Place of Publication:

Paris : OECD Publishing, [2016]

Summary:

Special Features: Network sector competition; Small business dynamism.

Contents:

Intro

Table of contents

Basic statistics of Canada, 2015

Glossary

Executive summary

Activity is shifting from energy to non-energy sectors in response to price signals

Output is adjusting to lower commodity prices

Vulnerabilities related to housing and household debt are still increasing, albeit at a slower pace

Household debt and house prices are high

Productivity growth has been weak until recently

Multifactor productivity has stagnated

Assessment and recommendations

Figure 1. GDP per capita and labour productivity

Figure 2. Measures of well-being

Table 1. Selected socio-economic outcome indicators for Canadian Indigenous Peoples, 2011

Table 2. A comparison of the recoveries following the 1990-92 and 2007-09 recessions

Figure 3. Key challenges for the Canadian economy

Recent economic developments and near-term prospects

Table 3. Macroeconomic indicators and projections

Figure 4. Recent macroeconomic developments

Table 4. Possible extreme shocks affecting the Canadian economy

Box 1. Assessing potential macro-financial vulnerabilities

Box 1. Assessing potential macro-financial vulnerabilities (cont.)

Figure 5. Potential macro-financial vulnerabilities

Regional adjustments to terms-of-trade declines and policies to facilitate the sectoral shift

Figure 6. The rotation from energy to non-energy sectors and regional dynamics

Figure 7. Employment protection legislation in Canada is not restrictive

Figure 8. Public spending on labour market measures1

Box 2. Implementation of selected past Survey recommendations

Ensuring price and financial stability

Figure 9. Interest rates and household debt

Figure 10. House prices

Figure 11. Residential investment

Table 5. Canadian financial indicators

Fiscal policies to raise the incomes of all Canadians.

Figure 12. Public finances have improved in recent years

Table 6. Fiscal projections

Box 3. Canadian infrastructure provision and the efficiency of its use

Box 3. Canadian infrastructure provision and the efficiency of its use (cont.)

Figure 13. Infrastructure provision and perceived quality

Figure 14. GST/VAT and environmental taxes are relatively low in Canada

Debt sustainability

Figure 15. Government sector net debt over the long term

Boosting productivity and living standards

The benefits of greater competition in network sectors

Figure 16. Regulations and labour productivity in network sectors

Figure 17. Electricity prices in 2013

Figure 18. Foreign entry restrictions in telecommunications are high in Canada

Strengthening the internal market

Boosting productivity through greater small business dynamism

Figure 19. Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the range

Figure 20. Three-year survival and growth outcomes of micro start-ups1, 2

Figure 21. Product market regulation overall is less restrictive than in most other countries

Figure 22. Implied tax subsidy rates1 on R&D expenditures

Improving environmental policies to promote sustainability and productivity

Greenhouse gas emissions

Figure 23. Environmental indicators

Figure 24. British Columbia's carbon tax has resulted in lower petroleum-based fuel sales1

Other environmental issues

Figure 25. Contribution of domestic natural capital to GDP growth1

Figure 26. Burdens on the economy due to environmental policies

Bibliography

Annex Progress in structural reform

Thematic chapters

Chapter 1. Strengthening competition in network sectors and the internal market

Introduction

Figure 1.1. Labour productivity and regulation

Figure 1.2. Export competitiveness.

Unleashing competition in network sectors

Energy

Electricity

Figure 1.3. Sectoral regulation in the electricity sector

Table 1.1. Provincial electricity generation characteristics

Table 1.2. Provincial electricity market characteristics

Table 1.2. Provincial electricity market characteristics (cont.)

Figure 1.4. Electricity prices

Box 1.1. Electricity prices in Ontario and the Global Adjustment

Box 1.1. Electricity prices in Ontario and the Global Adjustment (cont.)

Figure 1.5. Electricity prices in Ontario

Figure 1.6. Residential electricity sales

Natural gas

Figure 1.7. Regulations in the natural gas sector are low

Figure 1.8. Natural gas prices1 are low in Canada, 2014

Recommendations to improve competition in the electricity sector

Telecommunications and broadcasting

Figure 1.9. Telecommunications quality indicators

Figure 1.10. Telecommunications prices

Figure 1.11. Telecommunications subscriptions

Figure 1.12. Foreign entry restrictions in telecommunications are high in Canada

Recommendations to improve competition in telecommunications and broadcasting

Transportation

Figure 1.13. Real average domestic air fares1

Figure 1.14. Regulation in the airlines sector

Figure 1.15. Ticket taxes and airport charges

Table 1.3. Airport taxes and fees

Figure 1.16. Railway performance and rates

Table 1.4. Regulations to facilitate competition in the Canadian rail sector

Figure 1.17. Sectoral regulation in the rail sector

Figure 1.18. Grain and non-grain freight rates

Recommendations to improve competition in transportation

Easing interprovincial barriers to trade and labour mobility

The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT)

Box 1.2. Summary of internal trade agreements outside of the AIT

Interprovincial labour mobility.

Sectoral interprovincial trade barriers

Figure 1.19. Dairy producer support and prices

Recommendations to reduce interprovincial barriers to trade and labour mobility

Regulatory and institutional measures to encourage competition

Figure 1.20. Indicators of regulatory policy and governance1

Recommendations for institutional measures to enhance competition

Chapter 2. Boosting productivity through greater Small Business Dynamism

Small business dynamism has declined, weakening its contribution to productivity growth

Small business dynamism - what it is and why it is important

Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the OECD range

Figure 2.1. Small business dynamism has declined but remains in the middle of the range

Figure 2.2. Net job variation by surviving entrants over total employment1, 2

Figure 2.3. Decomposition of net job creation by surviving entrants relative to total employment1, 2

Figure 2.4. Young SMEs' share of total employment, gross job destruction and gross job creation1, 2

Figure 2.5. Three-year survival and growth outcomes of micro start-ups1, 2

Figure 2.6. Excess job reallocation rates have fallen owing to a fall in job destruction rates1

Box 2.1. Job reallocation rates in Canada and the United States

Box 2.1. Job reallocation rates in Canada and the United States (cont.)

Table 2.1. Job reallocation

The general business environment is favourable for the development of small businesses

Figure 2.7. Product market regulation overall is less restrictive than in most other countries

Figure 2.8. Timeliness of bankruptcy procedures and contract enforcement, 2015

Figure 2.9. Employment protection legislation in Canada is not restrictive

Figure 2.10. Framework policies and resource flows to patenting firms, 2003-10.

Figure 2.11. Venture capital investments are relatively high

Focusing SME programmes more on clear market failures

Table 2.2. Federal tax and spending programmes that support small business and entrepreneurship1, 20132

Financing programmes

Table 2.3. Rationales for government intervention to support innovative entrepreneurs

Box 2.2. Capital market efficiency in the presence of asymmetric information1

Box 2.2. Capital market efficiency in the presence of asymmetric information (cont.)

Figure 2.12. Progression of average statutory corporate income tax rates

Table 2.4. Labour tax rate, employee SSCs1 and combined statutory rates on dividends under basic and small business taxation, 2014

Figure 2.13. Marginal effective tax rates on small business,1 2010

Box 2.3. Calculating marginal effective tax rates on small-firm investment

Figure 2.14. The SBD does not alter incentives to grow but encourages tax planning

Recommendations to enhance the contribution to productivity of small business financing programmes

Enhanced R&D tax credits for small companies

Figure 2.15. Implied tax subsidy rates1 on R&D expenditures

Recommendation to achieve greater value for money from R&D subsidies

Non-targeted tax measures supporting entrepreneurship

Recommendation to re-orient capital gains taxation to provide greater support to innovative entrepreneurs

Increasing women's entrepreneurship

Table 2.5. Distribution of SME ownership

Figure 2.16. Self-employment differences by gender, 2015

Recommendation to support female entrepreneurship

Bibliography.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

92-64-25779-9

OCLC:

1024283545