International Migration Outlook 2022.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

OECD.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, author, issuing body.

Series:

International Migration Outlook Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Emigration and immigration--Statistics--Periodicals.

Emigration and immigration.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (407 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development, 2022.

Summary:

The 2022 edition of International Migration Outlook analyses recent developments in migration movements and the labour market inclusion of immigrants in OECD countries. It also monitors recent policy changes in migration governance and integration in OECD countries.

Contents:

Intro

Foreword

Editorial

We must continue to co-ordinate our responses to the ongoing Ukrainian refugee crisis, as well as plan for their longer-term displacement

Executive summary

Migration flows bounced back in 2021

Labour market outcomes of immigrants were more resilient than expected

The global competition for talent is back on the policy agenda

Responding to the refugee crisis from Ukraine

International students make a large economic contribution in most OECD countries

Key findings

Key facts and figures

1 Recent developments in international migration movements and labour market inclusion of immigrants

Recent trends in international migration

Permanent-type migration to OECD countries partially bounced back in 2021

Temporary worker migration has not returned to its pre-COVID-19 level

Inflow of international seasonal workers remained stable during the pandemic

Other types of temporary labour migration were significantly impacted by the pandemic

Contrasting trends in the number of worker postings within the OECD-Europe area in 2020

Shifts in origin and destination of asylum seekers

A strong rebound in asylum seeking, but not up to pre-COVID-19 levels

China and India start to lose their lead as main origin countries

Size and composition of foreign-born populations in OECD countries

Foreign-born population continued to rise during the pandemic

Men still account for more than half of migration flows but their share decreased in 2020

Record acquisitions of citizenship in OECD countries in 2021

Recent trends in labour market outcomes for immigrants in the OECD area

In 2021, the labour market situation of immigrants improved in most OECD countries

The risk of long-term unemployment for migrants increased as a result of the crisis.

Post COVID-19 changes in the labour market outcomes of migrants differ according to certain socio-demographic characteristics

Improved labour market integration of women compared to 2019

Employment of young migrants has increased compared to 2020 but remains below the pre-crisis level

The labour market situation of recently arrived migrants significantly improved in 2021

Disparities in terms of labour market integration based on origins persist in 2021

References

Annex 1.A. Supplementary tables and figures

2 Recent developments in migration policy

Introduction

Changes to COVID-19 mitigation measures

Border requirements and travel restrictions

Recovery strategies

Managing labour migration

Attracting talent

Job-search permits and smooth recruitment processes of graduates and young professionals

Recent policy shifts on (highly-)skilled workers

Talent retention strategies

Supporting business and investors

Addressing pressing labour shortage in the agriculture sector…

… While further protecting seasonal workers from exploitation

Streamlined entry and recruitment of temporary workers

Pathways to permanent residency for temporary residents

Family migration

International protection and geopolitical considerations

Recent changes in asylum-related policies

Humanitarian admission

Making use of innovative digital tools

Return and readmission policies

Notes

3 Recent developments in migrant integration policy

Flexibility introduced in response to COVID-19 may remain as the pandemic ebbs

Regularisation has seen a new impetus in several countries

Countries continue to take disparate approaches toward naturalisation

Some countries have acted to encourage increased naturalisation…

…others have introduced flexibility….

… while still others have considered restrictions or additional requirements

Reforms to the composition of and eligibility for integration measures

Access to education and skills recognition remains high on the integration policy agenda

Language for adult migrants is an increasingly universal pillar of integration measures

Countries have continued their attention to anti-discrimination policies, including in the context of broader anti-racism strategies

Specific needs of women and young migrants

Countries seek to reduce gender barriers to increase equality of outcomes

Recognition of issues specific to migrant youth has increased

Countries reorganise and delineate responsibilities to improve co-ordination

4 Responding to the Ukrainian refugee crisis

Migration flows triggered by the Russian large-scale invasion of Ukraine

Immigration permits and rights granted to Ukrainians

The EU activated the Temporary Protection Directive

Approaches in other OECD countries

Initial support measures in OECD countries

Emergency shelter

Access to assistance and public services

Transitioning towards medium and long-term responses

Securing durable housing

Capacity constraints and dispersal

Assistance with finding and securing accommodation

Ensuring educational continuity

Primary and secondary education

Vocational education and training (VET)

Tertiary education

Promoting employment and employability

Job search and matching

Skills assessment and recognition

Addressing gender-specific needs

Emerging challenges

Phasing out temporary protection in the EU and beyond

Transitioning from exceptional measures to mainstream solutions

Addressing secondary movements

Preparing for changes in public opinion and support

Notes.

5 International students: A growing group of migrants in the OECD

Overview of international students in OECD countries

What is an international student?

A profile of international students

Few origin countries dominate an increasingly diverse set of destinations

International students are of varying, yet overall increasing, importance in the OECD

International students make distinct academic choices

The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly impacted on international student migration

The special case of intra-European study exchange and Erasmus+

Who studies where? Drivers of international student migration

Macro factors shape international students' destination choices

Tuition fees and admission

The role of language of instruction

Labour market access during and after studies

Annex 5.A. Supplementary tables

6 Attraction, admission and retention policies for international students

Outreach policy and communication strategies

Communication channels

Effective messaging

Targeting specific students

Parameters for admission

Admission process

Duration of study permit

Tuition fees

Language requirements

Support policies during studies

Employability and labour market access during studies

Housing support and access to student loans and scholarships

Family admission and their labour market access

Stay prospects after graduation

Ensuring system integrity and preventing abuse

Issuing student visas only to bona fide students

Monitoring of compliance with educational progress

Monitoring compliance with employment restrictions

Preventing use of student visas to conduct espionage

Conclusion

Annex 6.A. Supplementary tables

7 Retention and economic impact of international students in the OECD.

Introduction

Staying on: Retention of international students

Retention as a policy focus

Available evidence

Methodological considerations and limitations

Results

Stay rates over time

Stay rates of Chinese and Indian students

International students as future labour migrants

Economic impact

Estimates of the macroeconomic impact

Official Development Assistance

Labour market impact at national and local level

Long-term outcomes of international students who remain in the host country

Annex 7.A. Supplementary table

8 Country notes: Recent changes in migration movements and policies

Australia

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Costa Rica

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Korea

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovak Republic

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

Türkiye

United Kingdom

United States

Notes and data sources

Foreign-born population

Long-term immigration flows

Temporary migration

Inflows of top 10 nationalities

Emigration of nationals to OECD countries

Components of population growth

Annual remittances

Labour market outcomes

Annex A. Statistical annex

Inflows and outflows of foreign population

Inflows of asylum seekers

Stocks of foreign and foreign-born populations

Acquisitions of nationality

General comments

List of the members of the OECD Expert Group on Migration

Composition of OECD International Migration Division.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

92-64-86767-8

92-64-87219-1