Pyrite and pyrrhotite : managing the risks in construction materials and new applications / edited by Michael L. J. Maher.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Maher, Michael (Michael L. J.), editor.

Series:

Construction Materials and Engineering

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Aggregates (Building materials).

Pyrites.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (400 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

New York, New York : Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, [2022]

Summary:

"This book has been divided into three sections. The first section contains one chapter setting out the geological origins of sedimentary pyrite. Section two contains five chapters that provide detailed insights into the behavior of reactive pyrite and pyrrhotite when present in construction aggregates. Most recently, the consequences for property owners in Québec, Ireland and Connecticut, from iron sulfides in unbound aggregates and in aggregates in concrete have been devastating both financially and emotionally to building owners. When, through no fault of their own, their house loses some or all of its value, the impact on homeowners' lives can be shattering. The third section deals with the more positive aspects of pyrite and how emerging research is showing its value as a low-cost material for such diverse applications as coatings for solar panels and as a growth enhancer for agricultural crops"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Part 1: Sulfide Minerals in Rocks: Their Origins and Geochemistry

Chapter 1

Introduction to the Geology and Geochemistry of Sedimentary Iron Sulfide Minerals

Abstract

Introduction

Formation of Iron Sulfide Minerals in Sedimentary and Metasedimentary Rocks

Framboids

Nodules

Pyritized Fossils and Trace Fossils

Anhedral and Euhedral Crystals

Fe Sulfide Identification with Reflected Light Microscopy

Trace Element Content of Sedimentary Pyrite

Arsenic in Pyrite: Case Study in How Different Trace Elements May Enhance the Uptake of Others

Statistics to Use When Discussing Sedimentary Pyrite

Oxidation of Fe Sulfide Minerals

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Part 2: Problems with Pyrite and Pyrrhotite Minerals in Construction Aggregates

Chapter 2

Heave Rates and Mechanism of Pyritic Expansion in Unbound Aggregates

Literature Review

Laboratory Simulations

Introduction: Large Scale Swell Test

Test Equipment Set-Up

Progress of Test

Analysis of Results

Modified Laboratory Swell Test

Test Results

Rate of Expansion

Further Swell Test Modifications

Discussion of Laboratory Swell Test Results

Full Scale Monitoring

Recreation Building

Seniors' Home

Industrial Building

Discussion of Building Monitoring Results

Taking a Closer Look at the Heave Mechanism

Simple Petrography

Advanced Imaging

Additional Measurements

Discussion of Heave Mechanism

Chapter 3

Pyrite in Construction Aggregates - Using Trace Elements to Assess the Risks

Assessing Risk from Pyrite

Swelling Index Method (Québec)

Quantifying Risk Factors - I.S.398-1 (Ireland).

Introduction

Irish Standard I.S. 398-1

Damage Condition Rating

Assessment of Underfloor Fill Materials

Assessing I.S. 398-1:2013

Refinements to I.S. 398-1

Insights from Depositional Environment

Background to Pyrite Formation

Trace Elements as a Basis for Classifying Pyrite

Test Data Analyzed

Risk of Pyrite Expansion Classification

Houses and Quarry Samples

Test Methods

Calculated Characteristics and Indicators

Trace Element Analysis

Molybdenum

Use as an RPE Marker

Enrichment Analysis

Uranium

Vanadium

Rhenium

Selenium

Molybdenum-Uranium Covariation

Trace Element Ratios as a RPE Marker

Analysis

Source Quarry Identification - Elements Fingerprinting Method

Aggregate Traceability

Approach to an Element's Fingerprinting Method

Model validation

Chapter 4

Overview of the Trois-Rivières (Québec, Canada) Pyrrhotite Issues

St. Boniface Aggregates

Location and Description of St. Boniface Quarries, Trois-Rivières, Québec

Geological Facies

Petrographic Examination of Aggregates

Transmitted and Reflected Polarized Light Microscopy

Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA)

Examination of Damaged Concrete Samples

Visual Inspection of Concrete Foundations

Petrographic Examination of Damaged Concrete Samples

Concrete Sample Preparation and Analysis Methods

Stereomicroscopic and Polarizing Microscope Observations

SEM Observations

Description of the Reaction Mechanisms

Technical Data Related to the First Class-Action Suit.

Methodology Used in the Trois-Rivières Case to Determine the Average Pyrrhotite Content of the Coarse Aggregate in the Concrete Foundations

Second Class-Action Suit and the "Gray Zone"

Existing Standards on Sulfide-Bearing Aggregates

Research Initiatives

Outdoor Exposure Site

Expansion of Concrete Blocks

Quantification of Concrete Cracking

Cracking Density

Instrumentation and Sampling of Foundations before Demolition

Monitoring of Temperature and Relative Humidity

Total Sulfur Content Measurements

Development of a Performance-Based Test Protocol

Step 1: Total Sulfur Content and Identification of Sulfide Minerals

Step 2: Oxygen Consumption Test

Step 3: Mortar Bar Expansion Test

Introduction of the Performance-Based Protocol in the Canadian Standard and Further R&amp

D Activities

Chapter 5

Concrete Deterioration from the Oxidation of Pyrrhotite: A State-of-the-Art Review

Reactions Involving Oxidation of Iron Sulfide Minerals and Subsequent Sulfate Attacks in Concrete

Worldwide Occurrences of Pyrrhotite Oxidation-Related Deterioration of Concrete

Oslo, Norway

Trois-Rivières Area in Québec, Canada

Central and Catalan Pyrenees, Spain

Concrete Dam in Switzerland

Penge, South Africa

Mundic Problem in Cornwall and Devon, England

Eastern Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA

Cases of Pyrite Oxidation

Mechanisms of Deterioration

Timing of Occurrence, Total Sulfur, and Pyrrhotite Contents

Forms of Distress

Methodologies

Field Investigation

Sample Preparation for Laboratory Investigation of Distressed Concrete

Petrographic Examinations of Distressed Concrete

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis (SEM-EDS)

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF)

Micro X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (µXRF)

Total Sulfur Content of Aggregate from Infrared Combustion, Acid Solution-Gravimetry, and XRF

Acid Leaching Method

Raman Spectroscopy

X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES)

Thermal Analysis

Magnetic Susceptibility (χ)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Relaxation

Staining and Chemical Analysis

Oxygen Consumption, Oxidation Rate, and Oxidation Potential Tests

Length Change Measurements of Mortar Bars and Concrete Specimens

Laboratory Studies of Deteriorated Concrete Foundations from Eastern Connecticut, USA

Petrographic Examinations

Examinations in a Stereomicroscope

Assessment of Damage Rating Index (DRI)

Examinations in a Petrographic Microscope

Concrete Composition

SEM-EDS

Microstructural Evidence of Distress

XRD

XRF, Sulfur Contents of Aggregates and Concrete

Accelerated Oxidation and Ion Chromatography

Discussion

Direct and Indirect Detection of Pyrrhotite in Aggregates

Problems in Determining Pyrrhotite Contents in Aggregates

Factors Influencing Pyrrhotite Oxidation

Mechanisms of Two-Stage Expansions from Pyrrhotite Oxidation and Internal Sulfate Attack

Relative Expansions from Iron Sulfide Oxidation and Internal Sulfate Attack

Assessment of Aggregates for Pyrrhotite Oxidation Potential

Multi-Step Laboratory Testing Protocols for Screening of Aggregates

Proposed Canadian Protocol

Jana Protocol

Chapter 6

Evaluation of Pyrite-Bearing Construction Aggregates for Acid Rock Drainage

Examples of Possible Issues

Identifying Potential for ARD in Construction Aggregates

British Columbia Ministry of Transportation and ARD.

Case #1: Aggregate Proposed for Use as Bridge End Fill

Initial Stockpile Sample

Sampling

Follow-Up Testing

Whole Rock Analysis

ABA Testing

Case #2: Road Cut along Highway 1

Rock Characteristics

Acid-Base Accounting

Case #3: Tunnel Project on the Sunshine Coast, British Columbia

Thin Section Analysis

Chapter 7

The Role of the Geologist in Sulfide Problems: The Irish Experience

The Three Sulfides

Occurrence of Pyrite, Marcasite and Pyrrhotite

Pyrite

Mudrocks - Shales and Mudstones

Pyrrhotite

Sandstone and Limestone with Shale/Mudstone Interbeds

Others

Igneous Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Mineralized Areas and Veins

Reactive and Non-Reactive Pyrite?

Crystal Size

Minor and Trace Elements

Does Oxidation of Pyrite or Other Sulfides Lead to Expansion?

Presence of Carbonate (Calcite)

Distribution of Sulfide in the Aggregate

Mechanical Properties of the Aggregate

Does Oxidation of Pyrite or Other Sulfides Lead to Sulfate Attack on Concrete?

The Dublin Situation

Quarrying

Regional Geology

Recent Changes

Testing Methods

Field Inspection

Lamination

High Total Organic Carbon (TOC)

Rust Staining

Present Regulations

European Standards

Petrography

I.S. 398-1: 2013

Expansion Tests

Part 3: Future Trends in Pyrite Applications

Chapter 8

Growth of FeX2 (X = S, Se)-Pyrite Thin Films as Low-Cost Materials for Photovoltaic Applications and Ru-Substitution Effect on Their Properties

Overview

Part A: Growth of FeX2 (X = S, Se)-Pyrite Thin Films as Low-Cost Materials for Photovoltaic Applications

Growth of FeS2-Pyrite Thin Films

Experimental Procedures

Sample Growth.

Growth of the Iron Oxide Thin Films.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Maher, Michael L. J. Pyrite and Pyrrhotite: Managing the Risks in Construction Materials and New Applications

ISBN:

9798886973952