A classical thermodynamics toolkit / Srinivas Vanapalli.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Vanapalli, Srinivas, author.

Series:

IOP Ebooks Series.

IOP Ebooks Series

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (194 pages)

Place of Publication:

Bristol : Institute of Physics Publishing, [2025]

Summary:

A clear, modern toolkit that teaches readers how to think thermodynamically, bridging theoretical and engineering perspectives while building intuition and rigor through systematic, real-world examples.

Contents:

Intro

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The world has changed. We no longer live in the age of steam engines, and even internal combustion engines are fading into the background. Yet, many thermodynamics textbooks continue to reflect the priorities of that era. They are often written for mechanical engineers or physicists, each with their own framing of the subject&amp

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and understandably so. But as we move deeper into the 21st century, we must prepare scientists and engineers for a new reality: one

Acknowledgements

Author biography

Srinivas Vanapalli

Chapter Introduction

1.1 Microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints

1.2 Solids, liquids, and gases

1.3 Important characteristics of substances in various states

1.3.1 The liquid and solid phases

1.3.2 The vapor phase (real gas)

1.3.3 The ideal gas law

1.3.4 Internal energy

1.3.5 Internal energy of an ideal gas

1.4 System and surroundings

1.4.1 Examples of closed systems

1.4.2 Examples of open systems

1.4.3 Properties of a system

1.4.4 Force balance

1.4.5 Piston-cylinder set-up

1.4.6 Balloon buoyancy and floating conditions

1.4.7 Energy transfer

1.4.8 Moving boundary work

1.5 Summary

Chapter Enthalpy and heat capacity

2.1 Enthalpy

2.1.1 Special case: enthalpy of an ideal gas

2.1.2 Enthalpy in reference databases

2.2 Heat capacity of a substance

2.2.1 Specific heat of solids and liquids

2.2.2 Why is 'heat capacity' not correct?

2.3 Flow work and enthalpy

2.3.1 Total energy of a flowing fluid

2.3.2 Energy transport by mass flow

2.3.3 Examples of flow energy

2.4 Heat transfer definition

2.4.1 First law of thermodynamics

2.4.2 Conservation of mass

2.4.3 First law for open systems

2.4.4 First law for a closed system

2.4.5 Examples

2.5 Summary.

Chapter Thermodynamic processes in a closed system

3.1 State variables

3.1.1 A note on misconceptions

3.2 Thermodynamic processes

3.2.1 Classification of thermodynamic processes

3.2.2 Examples of quasistatic reversible process

3.2.3 Examples of quasistatic irreversible processes

3.2.4 Examples of non-quasistatic processes

3.3 Special cases of processes

3.4 Quasistatic process with a solid

3.4.1 Example 1: Analysis without considering density change

3.4.2 Example 2: Analysis including work due to density change

3.5 Quasistatic process with an ideal gas

3.6 Isobaric process

3.6.1 Step-by-step analysis

3.7 Isothermal process

3.7.1 Step-by-step analysis

3.8 Isochoric process

3.8.1 Step-by-step analysis

3.9 Adiabatic process

3.9.1 Step-by-step analysis

3.10 Arbitrary quasistatic process

3.10.1 Step-by-step analysis

3.11 Summary

Chapter Entropy

4.1 Statistical definition of entropy

4.1.1 Key points from this example

4.2 Defining entropy

4.3 Temperature as a measure of entropy change

4.4 Interaction and equilibrium

4.5 Mechanical equilibrium and the definition of pressure

4.5.1 Understanding mechanical equilibrium

4.5.2 The definition of pressure

4.5.3 Interdependence of temperature and pressure

4.6 Entropy is a state property

4.6.1 Path-independence of entropy changes

4.6.2 Entropy as a function of energy, volume, and particle number

4.6.3 Example: Phases of water-ice, liquid, and vapor

4.6.4 Anomaly of water near freezing point

4.7 Energy and entropy

4.8 Second law of thermodynamics (entropy change in a process)

4.9 Cooling of a warm solid in a liquid reservoir

4.10 Entropy production due to heat diffusion in a bar

4.10.1 Step-by-step analysis

4.10.2 Summary.

4.11 Entropy change in a process: ideal gas in a quasistatic process

4.11.1 Isobaric process (constant pressure)

4.11.2 Isochoric process (constant volume)

4.11.3 Isothermal process (constant temperature)

4.11.4 Adiabatic process

4.11.5 Arbitrary process

4.12 Condition for an irreversible process

4.13 Summary

Chapter Quasistatic processes with irreversible work transfer and non-quasistatic processes

5.1 Introduction to quasistatic processes with irreversible work transfer

5.2 Energy transfer in quasistatic processes with irreversible work

5.2.1 Examples of reversible and irreversible work

5.2.2 Mathematical treatment of reversible and irreversible work

5.3 Entropy generation in quasistatic processes with irreversible work

5.3.1 Entropy generation due to irreversibilities

5.3.2 Relationship between irreversible work and entropy production

5.3.3 Entropy in reversible versus irreversible quasistatic processes

5.4 Quasistatic irreversible ideal gas processes

5.4.1 Isochoric process with irreversibility (constant volume)

5.4.2 Isobaric process with irreversibility (constant pressure)

5.4.3 Isothermal process with irreversibility (constant temperature)

5.4.4 Adiabatic process with irreversibility (no heat transfer)

5.5 Transition to non-quasistatic processes

5.6 Introduction to non-quasistatic processes and moving boundary work transfer for an ideal gas

5.6.1 Moving boundary work transfer in a non-quasistatic process

5.6.2 Non-quasistatic processes

5.7 Thermodynamic identity

5.7.1 Derivation of the thermodynamic identity

5.7.2 Significance of the thermodynamic identity

5.7.3 Thermodynamic identity clarification

5.7.4 The thermodynamic identity in any process

5.8 Summary

Chapter Thermodynamic cycles

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 The difference between a process and a cycle

6.2.1 The definition of a thermodynamic process

6.2.2 Definition of a thermodynamic cycle

6.2.3 Examples to differentiate a process and a cycle

6.3 Why do we need cycles?

6.4 Examples of thermodynamic cycles across applications

6.4.1 Solar power plant: using cycles for renewable energy generation

6.4.2 Home refrigerator: an example of a refrigeration cycle for cooling

6.4.3 Heat pump: cycle application for heating purposes

6.4.4 Magnetic refrigerator: non-gas-based cooling technology

6.4.5 Dilution refrigerator: used in ultra-low-temperature physics

6.5 Classification of thermodynamic cycles

6.5.1 Power cycles: designed to produce work

6.5.2 Refrigeration cycles: designed to transfer heat

6.6 Cycle performance

6.6.1 Engine performance

6.6.2 Cooler and heat pump performance

6.6.3 Key similarities and differences between a cooler and a heat pump

6.7 Ideal versus real cycles

6.7.1 Entropy generation and cycle irreversibility

Key characteristics of ideal cycles

6.8 Classification of cooling cycles: space-separated versus time-separated

6.8.1 Time-separated cooling systems

6.8.2 Space-separated cooling systems

6.9 Thermoelectric coolers: a non-gas-based cycle

6.10 External temperatures and maximum performance

6.10.1 Engine performance with external temperatures

6.10.2 Cooler performance with external temperatures

6.11 Historical statements of the second law of thermodynamics

6.11.1 Clausius statement

6.11.2 Kelvin-Planck statement

6.11.3 A modern perspective on these statements

6.12 Summary

Chapter Real gas properties and applications in thermodynamic cycles

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Limitations of the ideal gas model

7.2.1 When does the ideal gas model fail?

7.2.2 Why do we need real gas models?.

7.3 Equations of state for real gases

7.3.1 The compressibility factor (Z)

7.3.2 Common equations of state

7.3.3 Application of equations of state

7.4 Pressure-enthalpy (p-h) diagram

7.4.1 Key features of the p-h diagram for water

7.5 Pressure-temperature (p-T) diagram

7.5.1 Key features of the p-T diagram for water

7.6 Observations and real gas behavior

7.6.1 Key observations from p-T and p-h diagrams

7.6.2 A brief note on the Clapeyron equation

7.7 Generalization of the first and second laws to an open system

7.7.1 First law of thermodynamics for an open system

7.7.2 Second law of thermodynamics for an open system

7.8 Application of the laws

7.8.1 Heat exchangers

7.8.2 Throttling devices

7.8.3 Compressors and pumps

7.9 Vapor-compression cycle

7.9.1 Throttling process (1 2)

7.9.2 Evaporation process (2 3)

7.9.3 Compression process (3 4)

7.9.4 Condensation process (4 1)

7.9.5 Entropy and enthalpy analysis of the cycle

7.9.6 The effect of irreversibilities on cycle performance

7.9.7 Heat pumps and the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle

7.10 Rankine cycle

7.10.1 Main processes of the Rankine cycle

7.10.2 Worked example

7.10.3 Energy analysis

7.10.4 Thermal efficiency

7.11 Summary

Chapter Free energy and the spontaneity of a process

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Spontaneity example: ice melting to water

8.2.1 The role of entropy in spontaneity

8.2.2 Example: Ice melting on Earth and Mars

8.3 Reformulation in terms of free energy

8.4 Heat transfer and the role of work in spontaneity

8.4.1 Case 1: Spontaneous heat transfer (without work)

8.4.2 Case 2: Spontaneous heat transfer with work generation (heat engine)

8.4.3 Case 3: Non-spontaneous heat transfer (work input required)

8.4.4 Summary of the three cases.

8.5 Gas expansion, compression: entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

978-0-7503-6029-6