Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. Volume 2, Enzymes, Proteins and Bioinformatics / Saurabh Bhatia, Ajmal Khan, and Ahmed Al-Harrasi.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bhatia, Saurabh, author.

Khan, Ajmal, author.

Al-Harrasi, Ahmed, author.

Series:

IOP Ebooks Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Pharmaceutical biotechnology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (488 pages)

Edition:

Second edition.

Place of Publication:

Bristol, England : IOP Publishing, [2024]

Summary:

This book explores the fundamental role of biotransformation and enzymes in advancing sustainable biotechnological solutions, bridging theoretical concepts with practical applications in environmental management, pharmaceuticals, and industry.

Contents:

Intro

Acknowledgement

Author biographies

Professor Ahmed Al-Harrasi

Dr Saurabh Bhatia

Dr Ajmal Khan

Chapter Introduction to enzymes and their applications

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Properties of enzymes

1.3 Catalysis

1.4 The structure of enzymes

1.5 Structural features: primary and secondary structures

1.6 Nomenclature and classification

1.6.1 Class 1-oxidoreductase

1.6.2 Class 2-transferase

1.6.3 Class 3-hydrolases

1.6.4 Class 4-lyases

1.6.5 Class 5-isomerases

1.6.6 Class 6-ligases

1.7 The mechanism of action of enzymes

1.7.1 The fisher template model (lock and key model)

1.7.2 Induced fit model

1.7.3 Covalent catalysis

1.8 Catalysis via chymotrypsin

1.8.1 Intermediary stages of chymotrypsin

1.8.2 Kinetic behavior of α-chymotrypsin

1.8.3 Selective proteolysis in creation of the catalytic sites of enzymes

1.8.4 Kinetic models for enzymes

1.8.5 Enzyme mediated acid-base (general) catalysis

1.8.6 Metallozymes

1.9 Enzyme inhibition

1.10 Pharmaceutical applications

1.10.1 Diagnostic applications of enzymes

1.10.2 Enzymes in therapeutics

1.11 Plants and algae enzyme systems

1.12 Enzyme safety

1.13 Enzyme structure determination

1.13.1 X-ray crystallography

1.13.2 NMR spectroscopy

1.13.3 Cryo-electron microscopy

1.14 Enzyme engineering and design

1.14.1 Directed evolution of enzymes

1.14.2 Rational design of enzymes

1.14.3 Applications of engineered enzymes

1.15 Enzymes in medicine and healthcare

1.15.1 Enzyme-targeted drug delivery

1.15.2 Enzymes as drug targets

1.15.3 Challenges and opportunities in enzyme drug discovery

1.15.4 Enzymes in gene therapy

1.15.5 Enzymes in personalized medicine

1.15.6 Enzyme biomarkers in disease diagnosis

1.15.7 Pharmacogenomics and enzyme variability.

1.15.8 Enzyme-based therapies for personalized treatment

1.16 Enzymes in bioremediation

1.17 Enzymes in agriculture and crop production

1.18 Enzymes in waste management

References

Chapter Technologies and procedures involved in enzyme production

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Sources of enzymes

2.2 Enzyme production technology

2.2.1 Selection of microorganisms

2.2.2 Medium selection

2.2.3 Production process

2.2.4 Recovery and purification of enzymes

2.2.5 Cell debris removal

2.2.6 Nucleic acid removal

2.2.7 Precipitation of enzymes

2.2.8 Liquid-liquid partition

2.2.9 Chromatographic separation

2.2.10 Drying and packing

2.2.11 Regulation of microbial enzyme production

2.2.12 Induction

2.2.13 Feedback repression

2.2.14 Nutrient repression

2.3 Procedures involved in enzyme production

2.3.1 Source and location of enzymes

2.3.2 The variety of microorganisms

2.3.3 Media for fermentation

2.3.4 Fermentation

2.3.5 Enzyme extraction

2.3.6 Purification of enzymes

2.3.7 Finishing operations

2.4 Recombinant proteins from algae

2.5 Enzyme immobilization techniques

2.5.1 Advantages and applications of enzyme immobilization

2.5.2 Methods of enzyme immobilization

2.6 Enzyme engineering for enhanced stability and activity

2.6.1 Protein engineering strategies

2.6.2 Improving enzyme thermostability

2.6.3 Enhancing enzyme substrate specificity

2.7 Upstream process intensification

2.7.1 High cell density fermentation

2.7.2 Solid-state fermentation

2.7.3 Continuous fermentation

2.7.4 Microbial consortia for enzyme production

2.7.5 In situ product removal strategies

2.8 Enzyme production from extreme environments

2.8.1 Psychrophiles (cold-loving)

2.8.2 Thermophiles (heat-loving)

2.8.3 Acidophiles (acid-loving).

2.8.4 Alkaliphiles (alkaline-loving)

2.8.5 Halophiles (salt-loving)

2.8.6 Applications of extremozymes in biotechnology

2.9 Downstream process intensification

2.9.1 Continuous chromatography

2.9.2 Process integration and optimization

2.9.3 Advanced filtration techniques

2.9.4 Automation and robotics in downstream processing

Chapter Industrial enzymes and their applications

3.1 Industrial enzymes

3.2 Bacterial α-amylases

3.3 Fungal α-amylases

3.4 Bacterial proteases

3.5 Fungal proteases

3.6 Glucose isomerase (d-xylose ketol-isomerase

EC. 5.3.1.5)

3.7 Penicillinase

3.8 Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase

3.9 Aminoglycoside antibiotic inactivating enzymes

3.10 Fibrinolytic enzymes

3.10.1 Streptokinase

3.10.2 Urokinase

3.10.3 Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

3.11 Biotechnological applications of enzymes

3.11.1 Algae and plant research

3.11.2 Immobilization

3.12 Industrial enzymes

3.12.1 Glucoamylase

3.12.2 Cellulases

3.13 The role of enzymes in the synthesis of functional foods

3.13.1 Lipases

3.13.2 Proteases

3.13.3 Carbohydrate-modifying enzyme

3.13.4 Tannase

3.13.5 Asparaginase

3.13.6 The phytases

3.14 Enzymes used as additives to food

3.14.1 The enzymatic synthesis of dietary antioxidants

3.14.2 The use of ascorbyl esters

3.14.3 Polyphenolic esters

3.14.4 Synthesis of sugars esters surfactants by enzymes

Chapter Immobilization of enzymes

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Types of immobilization

4.2.1 Surface immobilization by covalent coupling

4.2.2 Adsorption

4.2.3 Complexation and chelation

4.2.4 Within-support immobilization

4.2.5 Cell immobilization

4.2.6 Commercial production of enzymes

4.3 Genetic engineering for microbial enzyme production

4.3.1 Cloning methods.

4.4 Protein studies for modification of commercial enzymes

4.5 Enzyme and cell immobilization

4.6 Immobilization methods

4.6.1 Adsorption methods

4.6.2 Nonspecific adsorption

4.6.3 Ionic binding

4.6.4 Hydrophobic adsorption

4.6.5 Affinity binding

4.6.6 Entrapment method

4.6.7 Covalent binding

4.6.8 Cross-linking

4.7 Choice of immobilization technique

4.7.1 Immobilization of l-amino acid acylase

4.7.2 Stabilization of soluble enzymes

4.8 Immobilization of cells

4.8.1 Immobilization of viable cells

4.8.2 Immobilized non-viable cells

4.8.3 Drawbacks of immobilizing eukaryotic cells

4.8.4 The effect of immobilization on enzyme properties

4.8.5 Immobilized enzyme reactors

4.8.6 Applications of immobilized enzymes and cells

4.9 Manufacture of commercial products

4.9.1 Production of l-amino acids

4.9.2 Production of high-fructose syrup

4.9.3 Immobilized enzyme and cell analytical applications

4.10 Immobilized enzymes for biomedical applications

4.11 Detecting biomass with immobilized cells via bioluminescence and other biosensor uses

4.11.1 Bioluminescence

4.11.2 The measurement of biomass using bioluminescence-based techniques

4.11.3 Bioluminescence analysis for biomass captured in a microfluidic device

4.11.4 Biosensors relying on bioluminescence

4.12 Bioluminescence-based microbial biosensors

4.12.1 The microencapsulation process involves the utilization of polymers and cells

4.12.2 Microcapsule evaluation

4.12.3 Potential health benefits

4.12.4 Modern developments in cell encapsulation

4.13 Immobilization of microalgae

4.13.1 Techniques for immobilization

4.13.2 Use of cryopreserved algae

4.13.3 Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous

4.13.4 Disposal of metals

4.13.5 Biosensor development

Chapter Biosensors.

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Principles of a biosensor

5.3 Different types of biosensors

5.3.1 Electrochemical biosensors

5.3.2 Thermometric biosensors

5.3.3 Optical biosensors

5.3.4 Piezoelectric biosensors

5.3.5 Whole-cell biosensors

5.3.6 Immunobiosensors

5.4 Applications of biosensors

5.4.1 Applications in medicine and health

5.4.2 Applications in industry

5.4.3 Applications in pollution control

5.4.4 Applications in the military

5.4.5 Immobilized enzymes and cell therapeutic applications

5.5 Recent advancements in biosensor technology

5.5.1 Electrochemical biosensors

5.5.2 Optical/visual biosensors

5.5.3 Silica, quartz/crystal, and glass biosensors

5.5.4 Nanomaterials-based biosensors

5.5.5 Fluorescent biosensors that are either genetically encoded or synthetic

5.6 Microbial biosensors utilizing synthetic biology and genetic/protein engineering techniques

5.7 Technological comparison of biosensors

5.8 Prospective challenges, and inherent limitations associated with biosensor technology

5.9 Grand challenges in biosensors and biomolecular electronics

5.9.1 Sensitivity

5.9.2 Multiplex capability

5.9.3 Continuous monitoring in vivo

5.10 The Implementation and commercialization of biosensing devices

5.10.1 Sustainability to the ecosystem

Chapter Biotransformation and enzymes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Types of biotransformation reactions

6.3 Sources of biocatalysts and techniques for biotransformation

6.3.1 Growing cells

6.3.2 Non-growing cells

6.3.3 Immobilized cells

6.3.4 Immobilized enzymes

6.4 Product recovery in biotransformations

6.5 Application of biotransformation in the production of pharmaceutical products

6.5.1 Biotransformation of steroids

6.5.2 Biotransformation of antibiotics.

6.5.3 Biotransformation of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9780750353892

0750353899

OCLC:

1456752358