Diabetes and Neurodegeneration.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bagchi, Debasis.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Diabetes.

Cognition disorders.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (1321 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2025.

Summary:

Diabetes and Neurodegeneration unlocks the complex interplay between diabetes and Neurodegeneration, reviewing the relationship between these two prevalent health challenges.This book begins with a simple guide to understanding high blood sugar, tracing the historical milestones of hyperglycemia, and unveiling the primary factors that contribute.

Contents:

Front Cover

Diabetes and Neurodegeneration

Copyright Page

Dedication

Contents

List of contributors

Preface

Hyperglycemia to neurodegeneration: clinical correlations and molecular cross talks

I. Introduction: pathogenesis of diabetes and dementia

1 Why and when does one have high blood sugar?

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Blood sugar regulation: the physiological mechanisms

1.2.1 Role of hormones in glucose homeostasis

1.2.1.1 Insulin: the blood sugar regulator

1.2.1.2 Glucagon: the counterregulatory hormone

1.2.1.3 Counterregulatory hormones: a complex network

1.2.2 Role of organ

1.2.2.1 Pancreas: the master regulator

1.2.2.2 Liver: the glucose reservoir

1.2.2.3 Muscles: the glucose sink and source

1.2.2.4 Interactions between organs

1.3 Causes of high blood sugar

1.3.1 Endogenous factors

1.3.1.1 Insulin resistance and insufficiency

1.3.1.2 Hormonal dysregulation

1.3.2 Exogenous factors

1.3.2.1 Diet: high glycemic index foods

1.3.2.2 Sedentary lifestyle

1.3.2.3 Stress-induced hyperglycemia

1.4 Prevention and control

1.4.1 Lifestyle adjustments

1.4.1.1 Dietary modifications

1.4.1.2 Regular physical activity

1.4.1.3 Weight management

1.4.1.4 Reducing stress

1.4.1.5 Adequate sleep

1.5 Conclusion

References

2 The history of hyperglycemia: key milestones in the inception of the disease in human health

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Early narratives

2.3 Modern Europe steps in

2.4 Search for a treatment: the preinsulin era

2.5 Foundation stones for insulin discovery

2.6 Initial attempts at insulin isolation

2.7 The name is insulin

2.8 Diabetes gets its first drug

2.9 More on insulin

2.10 Nobel prizes

2.11 Other antihyperglycaemic agents

2.12 Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors

2.13 Conclusion.

3 Walking the sugar-laden path: how diabetes got rooted in human civilization

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Brief history

3.2.1 The role of the pancreas and its association with hyperglycemia

3.3 Development of assorted diagnostic procedures

3.3.1 Urinary dry-reagent testing

3.3.2 Blood glucose dry reagent test strips

3.3.3 Biosensor blood glucose meters

3.3.4 Advancements in blood glucose monitoring systems

3.4 Categorization of diabetes

3.4.1 Type 1 diabetes (absolute deficiency of insulin due to β-cell damage)

3.4.1.1 Immune-mediated diabetes

3.4.1.2 Idiopathic diabetes

3.4.2 Type 2 diabetes (varies from insulin secretory failure caused by insulin resistance to insulin resistance alongside relative insulin insufficiency)

3.4.3 Secondary forms of diabetes

3.4.3.1 Monogenic diabetes

3.4.4 Notable genetic diabetes forms

3.5 Genetic impairments in insulin action

3.5.1 Chemicals or drugs induced diabetes

3.5.2 Exocrine pancreatic disorders

3.5.3 Endocrinopathies

3.5.4 Nonclassical immune-mediated diabetes

3.5.5 Other genetic disorders linked with diabetes

3.6 Gestational diabetes mellitus

3.7 Latest therapeutic approaches and integrated management practices

3.8 Conclusion

4 Neurodegeneration: how to identify the primary symptoms of cognitive impairment

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Relationship between mild cognitive impairment and dementia

4.3 Early detection of cognitive impairment

4.4 Common early symptoms of cognitive impairment

4.5 Alzheimer's disease

4.6 Frontotemporal dementia

4.7 Lewy body dementia

4.8 Neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia

4.9 Role of biomarkers in early diagnosis of cognitive impairment

4.10 Role of neuropsychological testing

4.11 Role of primary caregivers in early diagnosis

4.12 Conclusion

References.

5 Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a mechanistic endeavor

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Diabetes mellitus

5.1.2 Glycated hemoglobin and formation of advanced glycation end products

5.2 Different types of dementia

5.2.1 Alzheimer's disease

5.2.2 Other dementing disorders

5.2.2.1 Progressive supranuclear palsy

5.2.2.2 Pick's disease

5.2.2.3 Corticobasal degeneration

5.2.2.4 Frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17

5.2.2.5 Lewy bodies dementia

5.2.2.6 Vascular dementia

5.2.3 Relationship between diabetes mellitus and dementia

5.2.4 Diabetes management and its impact on dementia

5.3 Concluding remarks

Funding

Conflict of interest

Acknowledgment

6 Direct consequences of diabetes on the nervous system: structural and molecular pathological changes

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Diabetic neuropathy

6.2.1 Classification

6.3 Diabetic neuropathy pathology

6.3.1 Symmetrical sensorimotor neuropathy

6.3.1.1 Sensory nerves

6.3.1.2 Motor nerves

6.3.2 Asymmetrical diabetic neuropathies

6.3.3 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

6.3.4 DPN lower extremity pathology

6.4 Diabetic neuropathy in the spinal cord

6.5 Diabetic mononeuropathies

6.6 Diabetic radiculopathies

6.7 Diabetic retinopathy

6.7.1 Neurovascular unit alterations

6.7.2 Neuronal alterations

6.7.3 Retinal glial alterations

6.7.4 Inflammation and oxidative stress

6.8 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

6.8.1 Diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy

6.8.2 Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy

6.8.3 Urogenic autonomic neuropathy

6.8.4 Sudomotor dysfunction

6.9 Molecular mechanisms of diabetic neuropathy

6.9.1 Insulin signaling and insulin resistance

6.9.2 Oxidative stress

6.9.3 Mitochondrial energy imbalance and dysfunction.

6.9.4 Polyol pathway and altered phosphoinositide metabolism

6.9.5 Glycation and advanced glycosylation end products

6.9.6 Hexosamine pathway

6.9.7 Protein kinase C pathway

6.9.8 PARP pathway

6.9.9 Neurotrophic substances

6.9.10 Nerve barrier disruption

6.9.11 Microvascular impairment

6.9.12 Inflammation

6.9.12.1 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway

6.9.12.2 Nuclear factor Kβ pathway

6.9.12.3 Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway

6.9.12.4 Tumor necrosis factor-alpha

6.9.12.5 Immune cells in diabetic neuropathy

6.9.13 Gene expression and regulation

6.10 Cognitive disability

6.10.1 Alterations in glucose metabolism

6.10.2 Brain structural alterations

6.11 Alzheimer's disease

6.11.1 Alterations in glucose metabolism

6.11.2 Insulin signaling alterations

6.11.3 Protein pathology

6.11.3.1 Aβ peptide

6.11.3.2 Tau

6.11.3.3 Apolipoprotein A

6.11.4 Neuroinflammation

6.12 Parkinson's disease

6.13 Dementia

6.14 Diabetic encephalopathy

6.15 Molecular mechanisms linking metabolic disease with cognitive decline

6.15.1 Central insulin signaling and resistance

6.15.1.1 Glucose tolerance

6.15.1.2 Insulin imbalance

6.15.1.3 Insulin receptors

6.15.2 Blood-brain barrier alterations and cerebral microvascular dysfunction

6.15.2.1 Blood- brain barrier breakdown

6.15.3 Proteotoxicity

6.15.3.1 β-Amyloid metabolism

6.15.3.2 Tau protein

6.15.3.3 Amylin accumulation

6.15.4 Oxidative stress

6.15.5 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

6.15.6 Mitochondrial dysfunction

6.15.7 Neuroinflammation

6.15.7.1 Microglial activation

6.15.7.2 Astrocyte reactivity

6.15.8 Neurotransmitters and neurotrophic substances

6.15.8.1 Dopamine

6.15.8.2 Serotonin

6.15.8.3 Gamma-aminobutyric acid/Glutamate alterations.

6.15.8.4 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

6.15.8.5 Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

6.16 Conclusion

Abbreviations

II. Discovering the bridge between diabetes and dementia

7 Link between hyperglycemia and onset of neurodegeneration: Early clinical evidence

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Hyperglycemia: definitions and clinical significance

7.3 Clinical significance

7.4 Neurodegeneration: an overview

7.4.1 Major neurodegenerative diseases

7.4.1.1 Alzheimer's disease

7.4.1.2 Parkinson's disease

7.4.1.3 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

7.4.1.4 Huntington's disease

7.4.1.5 Multiple sclerosis

7.4.2 Pathophysiological mechanisms (Verdile et al., 2015)

7.4.3 Epidemiological evidence linking hyperglycemia to neurodegeneration

7.4.4 Alzheimer's disease

7.4.4.1 Increased risk

7.4.4.2 Accelerated cognitive decline

7.4.5 Parkinson's disease

7.4.5.1 Higher incidence

7.4.5.2 Disease progression

7.4.5.3 Potential mechanisms

7.4.6 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

7.4.6.1 Inconclusive evidence

7.4.6.2 Future research needs

7.4.7 Other neurodegenerative disorders

7.4.7.1 Huntington's disease and multiple sclerosis

7.4.8 Influence of duration and glycemic control

7.4.8.1 Duration of diabetes

7.4.8.2 Glycemic control

7.4.9 Demographic and genetic factors

7.4.9.1 Age, gender, and ethnicity

7.4.9.2 Genetic predispositions

7.4.10 Clinical studies and observations

7.4.11 Brain imaging studies

7.4.11.1 Structural magnetic resonance imaging

7.4.11.2 Diffusion tensor imaging

7.4.11.3 Functional magnetic resonance imaging

7.4.11.4 Positron emission tomography

7.4.12 Biomarkers of neurodegeneration in hyperglycemia

7.4.12.1 Amyloid-beta and tau proteins

7.4.12.2 Inflammatory cytokines

7.4.12.3 Oxidative stress markers.

7.4.12.4 Neurofilament light chain.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Part of the metadata in this record was created by AI, based on the text of the resource.

ISBN:

0-443-33356-4

9780443333569

OCLC:

1558597956