Steels : Structure, Properties, and Design / H K D H Bhadeshia and R W K Honeycombe.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. (Harshad Kumar Dharamshi Hansraj), 1953- author.

Honeycombe, R. W. K. (Robert William Kerr), author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Metals.

Automobiles--Design and construction.

Automobiles.

Motor vehicles--Design and construction.

Motor vehicles.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (522 pages)

Edition:

Fifth edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : Elsevier Ltd., [2024]

Summary:

Steels: Structure, Properties and Design is an essential text and reference, providing indispensable foundational content for researchers, metallurgists, and engineers in industry and academia.The book provides inspiring content for undergraduates, yet has a depth that makes it useful to researchers.

Contents:

Front Cover

Steels

Copyright

Contents

Biography

Preface

1 Iron and its interstitial solutions

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Allotropes of pure iron

1.2.1 Thin films and isolated particles

1.2.2 Amorphous iron

1.3 Austenite to ferrite transformation

1.3.1 Mechanisms of transformation

1.4 Carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in solution

1.4.1 Solubility in α- and γ-iron

1.4.2 Diffusion of solutes in iron

1.4.3 Practical consequences of diffusion

Surface treatment

Homogenisation

1.5 Summary

References

2 Strengthening of iron and its alloys

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Work hardening

2.3 Interstitial solid-solution hardening or softening

2.3.1 The yield point

2.3.2 Role of interstitial elements in yield phenomena

2.3.3 Strengthening at large interstitial concentrations

2.3.4 Interstitial-solution softening

2.4 Substitutional-solution hardening and softening

2.5 Grain size

2.5.1 Hall-Petch effect

2.5.2 Nanostructured steels

2.6 Dispersion strengthening

2.7 Order strengthening

2.7.1 Aluminides

2.8 Overall strength

2.9 Some practical aspects

2.10 Limits to strength

2.10.1 Theoretical strength

2.11 Hundreds of times stronger than steel

2.12 Ten billion times stronger than steel

2.13 Summary

3 Iron-carbon equilibrium and plain carbon steels

3.1 Iron-carbon equilibrium phase diagram

3.2 Austenite-ferrite transformation

3.3 Austenite-cementite transformation

3.4 Kinetics of the γα transformation

3.4.1 Growth kinetics of ferrite

3.5 Widmanstätten ferrite

3.5.1 Morphology

3.5.2 Shape change

3.5.3 Growth kinetics of Widmanstätten ferrite

3.5.4 Summary

3.6 Austenite-pearlite reaction

3.6.1 The morphology of pearlite

3.6.2 The crystallography of pearlite

3.6.3 Kinetics of pearlite growth.

3.6.4 Divorced pearlite

3.6.5 Overall kinetics of pearlite formation

3.6.6 The strength of pearlite

3.7 Ferrite-pearlite steels

3.8 Summary

4 Solutes that are substitutes for iron

4.1 General principles

4.2 Alloying elements: γ and α phase fields

4.3 Distribution of alloying elements in steels

4.4 Alloying &amp

kinetics of γ/α transformation

4.4.1 Effect of alloying elements on the ferrite reaction

Problem with NP-LE

Para-equilibrium

4.4.2 Effect of alloying elements on the pearlite reaction

Other effects

4.4.3 Alloy pearlite

4.5 Structural changes due to alloying additions

4.5.1 Ferrite/alloy carbide aggregates

4.5.2 Alloy carbide fibres and laths

4.5.3 Interphase precipitation

4.5.4 Precipitation in supersaturated ferrite

4.6 Transformation diagrams for alloy steels

4.7 Light steels

4.8 Summary

5 Formation of martensite

5.1 Introduction

5.2 General characteristics

5.2.1 Habit plane

5.2.2 Orientation relationships

5.2.3 Structure of the interface

5.2.4 The shape deformation

5.3 Crystal structure of martensite

5.4 Crystallography of martensitic transformations

5.5 Morphology of ferrous martensites

5.6 Kinetics of martensitic transformation

5.6.1 Nucleation of martensite

5.6.2 Growth of martensite

5.6.3 Overall athermal-transformation kinetics

5.6.4 Effect of alloying elements

5.6.5 Stress-induced transformation

5.6.6 Effect of austenite grain size

5.6.7 Effect of plastic strain on martensitic transformation

5.6.8 Thermal stabilisation

5.7 Strength of martensite

5.8 Shape memory effect

5.9 Summary

6 Bainite

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Upper bainite (≈400 - 550◦C)

6.3 Lower bainite (≈250 - 400◦C)

6.4 The shape deformation

6.5 Carbon in bainite

6.6 Kinetics.

6.7 Transition from upper to lower bainite

6.8 Granular bainite

6.9 Tempering of bainite

6.10 Role of alloying elements

Carbon

Other alloying elements

6.11 Use of bainitic steels

6.12 Summary

7 Acicular ferrite

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Microstructure

7.3 Mechanism of transformation

7.4 Inclusions as heterogeneous nucleation sites

7.5 Nucleation of acicular ferrite

7.5.1 Lattice matching theory

7.5.2 Other possibilities

7.6 Summary

8 Heat treatment of steels: hardenability

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Use of TTT and continuous cooling diagrams

8.3 Hardenability testing

8.3.1 The Grossman test

8.3.2 The Jominy end quench test

8.4 Effect of grain size and chemical composition on hardenability

8.5 Quenching stresses and quench cracks

8.6 High-speed, large-scale heat treatment

8.7 Large-scale batch heat-treatment

8.8 Cryogenic treatment

8.9 Summary

9 Tempering of martensite

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Tempering: cementite and transition carbides

9.3 Stages of tempering

9.3.1 Tempering: stage 1

9.3.2 Tempering: stage 2

9.3.3 Tempering: stage 3

9.3.4 Tempering: stage 4

9.4 Role of carbon content

9.5 Mechanical properties of tempered martensite

9.6 Tough, untempered, high-carbon martensite

9.7 Steels with strong carbide-forming elements

9.7.1 Effect of alloying elements on the formation of iron carbides

9.7.2 The formation of alloy carbides: secondary hardening

9.7.3 Nucleation and growth of alloy carbides

9.7.4 Tempering of steels containing vanadium

9.7.5 Tempering of steels containing chromium

9.7.6 Tempering of steels containing molybdenum and tungsten

9.7.7 Complex alloy steels

9.7.8 Mechanical properties of tempered alloy steels

9.7.9 Mechanical properties: hydrogen trapping.

9.8 Maraging steels

9.8.1 TRIP-assisted maraging steels

9.9 Summary

10 Thermomechanical treatment

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Controlled rolling of low-alloy steels

10.2.1 General

10.2.2 Grain size control during controlled rolling

10.2.3 Niobium atom clusters

10.2.4 Minimum achievable grain size

10.2.5 Dispersion strengthening during controlled rolling

10.2.6 Strength of microalloyed steels: an overall view

10.3 Dual-phase steels

10.4 TRIP-assisted steels

10.4.1 Low- or zero-silicon TRIP-assisted steels

10.4.2 Galvanising of TRIP-assisted steels

10.5 TWIP steels

10.6 Thermomechanically treated industrial steels

10.7 Ausforming

10.8 Summary

11 Embrittlement and fracture

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Cleavage fracture in iron and steel

11.3 Factors influencing the onset of cleavage fracture

11.4 Criteria for the ductile-brittle transition

11.5 Practical aspects of brittle fracture

11.6 Hydrogen embrittlement

11.6.1 Prevention of hydrogen embrittlement

11.7 Attack by high-pressure hydrogen

11.8 Intergranular embrittlement

11.8.1 Temper embrittlement

11.9 Irradiation embrittlement

11.10 Ductile or fibrous fracture

11.10.1 General

11.10.2 Role of inclusions in ductility

11.10.3 Role of carbides in ductility

11.10.4 Overheating, burning

11.10.5 Liquid metal embrittlement

11.11 Summary

12 Stainless steel

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Not always corrosion resistant

12.3 The iron-chromium-nickel system

12.3.1 Nitrogen

12.4 Schaeffler diagram

12.5 Chromium-rich carbide in Cr-Ni austenitic steels

12.6 Precipitation of niobium and titanium carbides

12.7 Nitrides in austenitic steels

12.8 Intermetallic precipitation in austenite

12.9 Austenitic steels in practical applications.

12.10 Oxidation resistant stainless steel

12.11 Duplex and ferritic stainless steels

12.12 Mechanically alloyed stainless steels

12.13 Transformation of metastable austenite

12.14 Summary

13 Weld microstructures

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Fusion zone

13.2.1 Weld solidification

13.2.2 As-deposited microstructure

13.2.3 Allotriomorphic ferrite

13.2.4 Widmanstätten ferrite and acicular ferrite

13.2.5 Sensitivity to carbon

13.3 Heat-affected zone

13.3.1 Heat flow

13.3.2 Microstructural zones

13.3.3 Coarse-grained austenite

13.3.4 Fine-grained austenite zone

13.3.5 Partially austenitic regions and local brittle zones

13.4 Friction stir welding of steels

13.5 Summary

14 Additive manufacture

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Macrostructure

14.3 Powders

14.4 Thermomechanical processing of additively manufactured steel

14.5 Hybrid processing

14.6 Microstructure

14.7 Composites

14.8 Tuned damper

14.9 Summary

15 Nanostructured steels

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Why yearn for exceedingly fine grains?

15.3 Production of nanostructured steel

15.3.1 Shape preserving deformations

15.3.2 Shape altering deformations

15.3.3 Nanostructure without deformation

15.4 Detrimental nanostructures in steels

15.5 Summary

16 Mathematical modelling

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Example 1: alloy design

16.2.1 Calculation of the T0 curve

16.2.2 The improvement in toughness

16.2.3 Precision and limits

16.3 Example 2: properties of mixed microstructures

16.3.1 Calculation of the strength of individual phases

16.3.2 Iron and substitutional solutes

16.3.3 Carbon

16.3.4 Dislocations

16.3.5 Lath size

16.3.6 Martensite composition and transformation temperature

16.3.7 Strength of mixed microstructures.

16.4 Methods.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H. Steels

ISBN:

9780443184901

OCLC:

1417757906