Democratizing Cryptography : The Work of Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman / edited by Rebecca Slayton.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Rebecca, Slayton, Author.

Contributor:

Slayton, Rebecca, 1974- editor.

Series:

ACM books.

ACM Bks

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Cryptography.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (558 p.)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

New York, NY : Association for Computing Machinery, [2022]

Summary:

In the mid-1970s, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented public key cryptography, an innovation that ultimately changed the world. Today public key cryptography provides the primary basis for secure communication over the internet, enabling online work, socializing, shopping, government services, and much more.While other books have documented the development of public key cryptography, this is the first to provide a comprehensive insiders' perspective on the full impacts of public key cryptography, including six original chapters by nine distinguished scholars. The book begins with an original joint biography of the lives and careers of Diffie and Hellman, highlighting parallels and intersections, and contextualizing their work. Subsequent chapters show how public key cryptography helped establish an open cryptography community and made lasting impacts on computer and network security, theoretical computer science, mathematics, public policy, and society. The volume includes particularly influential articles by Diffie and Hellman, as well as newly transcribed interviews and Turing Award Lectures by both Diffie and Hellman.The contributed chapters provide new insights that are accessible to a wide range of readers, from computer science students and computer security professionals, to historians of technology and members of the general public. The chapters can be readily integrated into undergraduate and graduate courses on a range of topics, including computer security, theoretical computer science and mathematics, the history of computing, and science and technology policy.

Contents:

Intro

Democratizing Cryptography

Contents

Acknowledgments

Text and Photo Credits

1 Introduction: The Early Lives and Lasting Legacies of Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Early Life and Socialization

1.3 Different Paths to Cryptography

1.4 Finding an Intellectual Soul Mate

1.5 New Directions in Cryptography

1.6 Changing the World: The Chapters Ahead

References

I BIOGRAPHIES AND PERSPECTIVES

2 Public Key Cryptography's Impact on Society: How Diffie and Hellman Changed the World

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Security Background

2.3 Context: Motivation and Environment

2.4 Inventive Contributions

2.5 Supporting and Related Developments

2.6 Major Impacts on Society

2.6.1 From Early Applications to Secure Messaging

2.6.2 TLS and Securing Browser-Server Communications

2.6.3 Secure Remote Access: SSH and VPNs

2.6.4 Code Signing, Software Update, and Personal Identification

2.6.5 Personal Privacy, Tor, and Bitcoin

2.6.6 Electronic Commerce and the Digital Economy

2.6.7 Detrimental Impacts and Illicit Activities

2.7 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

3 Public Key Cryptography in Computer and Network Security

3.1 Symmetric Encryption and the Challenge of Scaling Communications Security

3.2 Key Management Before Public Key Cryptography

3.3 Public Key Cryptography

3.4 Digital Signatures and Certificates

3.5 Securing Internet Communications

3.6 Security Protocols

3.7 Beyond Communication

3.8 Securing Supply Chains

3.9 Protecting Software… and Protecting from Software

3.10 Protecting Stored Data

3.11 Securing Implementations

3.12 The Need for Aligned Interests and Transparency

3.13 The Potential Impact of Quantum Computing

3.14 The Future

4 The Influence of Public-Key Cryptography on Mathematics.

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Primes

4.3 Factoring Integers

4.4 Discrete Logarithms

4.5 Elliptic Curves

4.5.1 Finding Suitable Curves: Point Counting

4.5.1.1 Practical Improvements: The SEA Algorithm

4.5.2 The Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem

4.5.3 Other Curves

4.6 Algebraic Number Fields

4.6.1 Index-calculus in the Class Group

4.6.2 Infrastructure

4.7 The Quantum Computer

4.8 Quantum-resistant Methods

4.9 Conclusion

5 A Gift that Keeps on Giving: The Impact of Public-Key Cryptography on Theoretical Computer Science

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Chapter Overview

5.1.2 Theoretical Computer-science Background

5.2 New Concepts in TCS

5.2.1 Motivation for the Formalization of Cryptographic Concepts

5.2.2 Toward Formal Foundations of PKC

5.2.3 Cryptographic Complexity Theory

5.3 New Characterizations of Complexity Classes

5.3.1 Seed of the Full Flowering

5.3.2 Two-player Games

5.3.3 Interactive Proof Systems for All of PSPACE

5.3.4 Zero Knowledge

5.3.4.1 Motivation for the Study of Zero-knowledge Protocols

5.3.4.2 Examples of Zero-knowledge Protocols

5.3.5 Multiprover Interactive Proof Systems for all of NEXP

5.4 Conclusion

6 Creating an Open Community of Cryptographers

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Initialization

6.3 Shifting in Parallel

6.4 Expanding in New Directions with New People

6.5 Compression

6.5.1 The First Crypto Conference

6.6 Expansion

6.6.1 Academia

6.6.2 Government

6.6.3 Industry

6.7 Permutation and Translation

6.8 Output

6.9 Timeline of Early Events in the Discovery of Public-key Cryptography

7 The Development of a Crypto Policy Community: Diffie-Hellman's Impact on Public Policy

7.1 The Prologue

7.2 These, Our Actors.

7.3 Action from an Unexpected Front: The Pentagon Papers and the White House "Plumbers"

7.4 You Can't Publish That-and Other Forms of Control

7.5 A Shift to Controlling Federal Encryption Standards

7.6 Controlling the Sale of Cryptography

7.7 The Second Crypto War

7.8 The Lasting Public Policy Legacy of Diffie and Hellman's Work

II INTERVIEWS AND TURING AWARD LECTURES

8 An Interview with Whitfield Diffie

9 An Interview with Martin Hellman

10 Information Security

11 Cybersecurity, Nuclear Security, Alan Turing, and Illogical Logic

III ORIGINAL PAPERS

12 New Directions in Cryptography

Abstract

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Conventional Cryptography

12.3 Public Key Cryptography

12.4 One Way Authentication

12.5 Problem Interrelations and Trap Doors

12.6 Computational Complexity

12.7 Historical Perspective

13 Exhaustive Cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption Standard

13.1 Introduction

13.2 The Basic Argument

13.3 Objections to the Basic Argument

13.3.1 Design and Control Costs

13.3.2 MTBF

13.3.3 Speed and Cost

13.3.4 Physical Size

13.3.5 Power Requirements

13.3.6 Cost of Larger Key

13.3.7 Changing Keys

13.3.8 Uniqueness of Solution

13.4 System Architecture

13.5 Chip Design

13.6 Ciphertext-only Attack

13.7 Variable Key-size Techniques

13.8 Discussion

Acknowledgment

14 An Improved Algorithm for Computing Logarithms over GF(p) and Its Cryptographic Significance

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Use in Cryptography

14.3 An Algorithm for p =2n +1

14.4 An Algorithm for Arbitrary Primes

14.5 Discussion

15 Privacy and Authentication: An Introduction to Cryptography

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Cryptographic Fundamentals.

15.2.1 Privacy and Authentication

15.2.2 Basic Concepts

15.2.3 Cryptanalytic Attacks

15.2.4 Unconditional and Computational Security

15.2.5 Public Key Systems

15.2.6 Digital Signatures

15.3 Examples of Systems and Solutions

15.3.1 Substitution

15.3.2 Transposition

15.3.3 Polyalphabetic Ciphers

15.3.4 Running Key Cipher

15.3.5 Codes

15.3.6 Hagelin Machine

15.3.7 Rotor Machines

15.3.8 Shift Registers

15.3.9 IBM's Systems and DES

15.3.10 Analog Systems

15.3.11 Public Key Distribution Systems

15.3.12 RSA Public Key Cryptosystem

15.3.13 Trap Door Knapsacks

15.4 Cryptographic Taxonomy

15.4.1 Block and Stream Ciphers

15.4.2 Cryptosystems as Finite Automata

15.4.3 Structure of Some Synchronous Systems

15.4.4 Stream Systems Derived from Block Systems

15.5 Cryptography in Practice

15.5.1 Key Management

15.5.2 Indicators

15.5.3 Traffic Analysis and Playback

15.5.4 Error Control

15.5.5 Operation and Maintenance

15.5.6 Integration with Other Security Measures

15.5.7 Certification

15.6 Applications of Cryptography

15.6.1 Timesharing Systems

15.6.2 Communication Cryptography

15.7 Selected Bibliography

15.7.1 Analog Scrambling

15.7.2 Applications

15.7.3 Authentication

15.7.4 Bibliographies

15.7.5 Classical

15.7.6 Cryptanalysis

15.7.7 Data Encryption Standard

15.7.8 Encyclopedia Articles

15.7.9 Glossaries

15.7.10 Historical

15.7.11 Homophonic Systems

15.7.12 Information Theoretic Papers

15.7.13 Key Distribution

15.7.14 Miscellaneous

15.7.15 Popular

15.7.16 Public Keys

15.7.17 Surveys

15.7.18 System Design and Implementation

Contributors

Editor and Author Biographies

Editor

Authors

Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

9781450398282

1450398286