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Leniency Designs: An Operatorâs Manual / Paul Goldsmith-Pinkham, Peter Hull, Michal Kolesár.
- Format:
- Book
- Author/Creator:
- Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul.
- Series:
- Working Paper Series (National Bureau of Economic Research) no. w34473.
- NBER working paper series no. w34473
- Language:
- English
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource: illustrations (black and white);
- Place of Publication:
- Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research 2025.
- Summary:
- We develop a step-by-step guide to leniency (a.k.a. judge or examiner instrument) designs, drawing on recent econometric literatures. The unbiased jackknife instrumental variables estimator (UJIVE) is purpose-built for leveraging exogenous leniency variation, avoiding subtle biases even in the presence of many decision-makers or controls. We show how UJIVE can also be used to assess key assumptions underlying leniency designs, including quasi-random assignment and average first-stage monotonicity, and to probe the external validity of treatment effect estimates. We further discuss statistical inference, arguing that non-clustered standard errors are often appropriate. A reanalysis of Farre-Mensa et al. (2020), using quasi-random examiner assignment to estimate the value of patents to startups, illustrates our checklist.
- Notes:
- November 2025.
- Print version record
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