Grammar of Etulo : A Niger-Congo (Idomoid) Language.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ezenwafor-Afuecheta, Chikelu I.

Series:

Publications of the Philological Society Series

Publications of the Philological Society Series ; v.1

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (298 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Cambridge, UK : Open Book Publishers, 2025.

Contents:

Intro

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

List of Tables

List of Figures

1. General Introduction

1.0 An overview

1.1 The sociolinguistic background of the Etulo speaking community in the Benue state

1.1.1 The Etulo language and its dialects

1.1.2 Estimated number of speakers

1.1.3 Geographical location of Etulo speakers

1.1.4 Linguistic classification of Etulo

1.1.5 Sociolinguistic situation of the Etulo speech communities in the Benue state

1.1.6 The historical origin of the Etulo people

1.1.7 Religion, culture and tradition of the Etulo people

1.2. Fieldwork, logistics and data representation

1.3 Previous research on Etulo

1.4 Scope of this work

2. The Phonology of Etulo

2.0 Introduction

2.1 An overview of previous works on Etulo phonology

2.2 Phoneme inventory of Etulo

2.2.2 Distribution of Etulo consonant phonemes

2.2.3 Etulo vowel phonemes

2.2.4 Allophonic realization of Etulo vowels

2.2.5 Nasalized vowels

2.3 Vowel lengthening and sequence

2.4 Tone and intonation

2.4.1 The high tone [ˊ]

2.4.2. The low tone [ˋ]

2.4.3 The mid tone [˗]

2.4.4 The falling tone [ˆ]

2.4.5 The rising tone [ˇ]

2.4.6 Functions of tone

2.4.8 Tonal change

2.4.9 Tone polarity

2.5 Etulo syllable structure and phonotactics

2.5.1 V syllable structure

2.5.2 CV syllable structure

2.5.3 N̩ syllable structure

2.5.4 CCV syllable structure

2.5.5 CVN syllable structure

2.5.6 Implication of NC sequences for Etulo syllable structure

2.6 Phonological processes in Etulo

2.6.1 Elision

2.6.2 Consonant elision

2.6.3 Assimilation

2.6.4 Vowel coalescence

2.6.5 Vowel insertion

2.6.6 Glide formation

2.6.7 Vowel harmony

2.7 Conclusion

3. Morphological Processes

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Derivational morphology.

3.1.1 Unproductive derivation (deverbal nouns)

3.2 The nominalizing ò- vowel prefix

3.2.1 The infinitive verb

3.2.2 Gerundive nominals

3.2.3 Derived agentive nominals

3.2.4 Adjectives derived from ideophones

3.3 The -lu suffix

3.4 Reduplication

3.4.1 Reduplication of ideophones and nouns

3.5 Compounding

3.5.1 Nominal compound

3.5.1.1 Genitive compound

3.5.1.2 Amalgamated compound

3.5.1.3 Synthetic compound

3.5.2 Nominal compounds vs associative constructions

3.5.3 Verbal Compound

3.6 Conclusion

4. Word Classes

4.0 Introduction

4.1 The pronominal system

4.1.1 Personal pronouns

4.1.1.1 Subject pronouns

4.1.1.2 Object pronouns

4.1.1.3 A note on free and bound forms

4.1.2 Possessives

4.1.3 Reflexive pronouns

4.1.4 Anaphoric and logophoric reference

4.1.5 Interrogative pronouns

4.1.6 Relative pronouns

4.1.7 Demonstratives

4.1.8 A note on the indefinite pronoun quantifiers

4.1.9 Conclusion

4.2. The noun category and noun phrase

4.2.1 Theoretical backdrop

4.2.2 Phonological structure of Etulo nouns

4.2.3 Morpho-syntactic characterizations of nouns

4.2.4 A class of determiners

4.2.4.1 The category of definiteness

4.2.4.2 Interrogative determiners

4.2.4.3 Quantificational determiners

4.2.5 The noun phrase

4.2.6 Associative constructions

4.2.7 Distinguishing nouns from adjectives

4.2.8 Semantic classification of nouns

4.2.9 Conclusion

4.3 The verb category

4.3.1 Phonological structure of verb roots

4.3.2 Verb classification

4.3.2.1 Obligatory complement verbs (OCVs)

4.3.2.2 Non-obligatory complement verbs (NCVs)

4.3.3 Simple vs complex predicates

4.3.4. Selectional restriction

4.3.5 Conclusion

4.4 Qualificatives

4.4.1 Typological criteria

4.4.2 The adjective class.

4.4.3 Verbs as qualificatives (adjectival verbs)

4.4.3.1 Verbs in attributive function

4.4.4 Other means of expressing property concepts

4.4.5 Semantic characterization of qualificatives

4.4.6 Differentiating between adjectives and adjectival verbs

4.4.7 Expression of degree

4.4.8. Use of the intensifier sáān with qualificatives

4.4.9 Conclusion

4.5 The adverb category

4.5.1 The classification of adverbs

4.5.1.1 The morphological classification of adverbs

4.5.1.1.1 Simple adverbs

4.5.1.1.2 Complex adverbs

4.5.1.1.2.1 Phrasal adverbials

4.5.1.1.2.2 Adverbs formed by reduplication

4.5.1.2 The functional classification of adverbs

4.5.1.2.1 Manner adverbs

4.5.1.2.2 Temporal adverbs

4.5.1.2.3 Place adverbs

4.5.1.2.4 Frequency adverbs

4.5.1.2.5 Adverbs of magnitude

4.5.2 The relative order of adverbs

4.5.3 Conclusion

4.6 The preposition category

4.6.1 Etulo prepositions

4.6.1.1 The preposition mì

4.6.1.2 The preposition jì

4.6.1.3 The preposition m̀bí

4.6.1.4 The preposition ŋátāā

4.6.2 Derived prepositions

4.6.3 Phonological features of prepositions

4.6.4 The syntactic distribution of prepositions

4.6.5 Other means to express locative and related meanings

4.6.5.1 The existential copula as a locative marker

4.6.5.2 The kɪ̀ɛ̀ verb as a preposition marker

4.6.5.3 Preposition markers in complex predicates: the verb kɛ, and the existential copula

4.6.6 Conclusion

4.7 The status of Etulo ideophones

4.7.1 Towards a definition

4.7.2 The Etulo ideophone

4.7.2.1 The phonological characterization of Etulo ideophones

4.7.2.2 The morphological characterization of Etulo ideophones

4.7.3 Towards a semantic classification of Etulo ideophones

4.7.4 Syntactic characterization of Etulo ideophones.

4.7.5 The categorial status of Etulo ideophones

4.7.6 Conclusion

4.8 The numeral system

4.8.1 Cardinal numerals

4.8.1.1 Cardinal numerals formed by compounding

4.8.1.2 Cardinal numerals formed by addition

4.8.1.3 Cardinal numerals formed by compounding and addition

4.8.2 Ordinal numerals

4.8.3 Cardinal and ordinal numerals as modifiers

4.8.4 Distributive numerals

4.8.5 Arithmetic operations

4.8.5.1 Addition

4.8.5.2 Subtraction

4.8.5.3 Division

4.8.5.4 Multiplication

4.8.5.5 Fractions

4.8.6 Conclusion

5. Aspects of Etulo Syntax

5.0 Introduction

5.1 Negation

5.1.1 Negation of basic declarative constructions

5.1.2 Negation of imperatives

5.1.3 Negation of interrogatives (polar questions)

5.1.4 Negation of complex clauses

5.1.5 Negative words

5.1.6 Conclusion

5.2 Interrogatives

5.2.1 Polar questions

5.2.2 Content questions

5.2.2.1 Syntactic distribution of interrogative words

5.2.2.2 Interrogative words in simple clauses

5.2.3 Interrogative complex clauses

5.2.4 Conclusion

5.3 Coordination

5.3.1 Coordination types

5.3.2 Conjunction markers

5.3.2.1 The coordinator jì

5.3.2.2 The coordinator dí

5.3.2.3 The coordinators mà/mân

5.3.3 Disjunction markers

5.3.4 Adversative marker

5.3.5 Single vs multiple coordinate marking

5.3.6 Conclusion

5.4 Subordination

5.4.1 Complement clause

5.4.1.1 The complementizer dí

5.4.1.2 The complementizer gbɛ̌ɛ̄

5.4.1.3 The pairing of gbɛ̌ɛ̄ and dí

5.4.1.4 Pairing of gbɛ̌ɛ̄ and nì

5.4.1.5 The complementizer dàfí

5.4.1.6 Complement clause in the subject argument position

5.4.1.7 Speech verbs

5.4.2 The relative clause

5.4.2.1 Syntactic and semantic functions of the relativizers

5.4.2.2 Position of the relative clause

5.4.2.3 A note on the relative pronoun.

5.4.2.4 The relative clause-final morphemes

5.4.3 The adverbial clause

5.4.3.1 The causal clause

5.4.3.2 Time adverbial clause

5.4.3.3 The conditional clause

5.4.3.4 The purpose clause

5.4.3.5 Adverbial clause of manner

5.4.3.6 The concessive clause

5.4.4 Conclusion

5.5 The copula construction

5.5.1 The copula lì

5.5.2 The semi copula dzɛ̀

5.5.3 The copula lè

5.5.4 Conclusion

5.6 Constituent order

5.6.1 Basic order of subject, object and verb

5.6.2 Order of tense-aspect particles relative tothe verb

5.6.3 Order of copula and predicate

5.6.4 Order of adposition

5.6.5 Order within a noun phrase

5.6.5.1 Article and noun

5.6.5.2 Plural word and noun

5.6.6 Order in possessive/genitive constructions

5.6.7 Order of the relative clause and noun

5.6.8 Order in comparative constructions

5.6.9 Correlation with cross-linguistic generalizations

5.6.10 Conclusion

6. Valency, Transitivity and Serialization

6.0 Introduction

6.1 A definition of valence

6.1.1 Intransitive verbs

6.1.2 Intransitive OCVs

6.1.3 Transitive verbs

6.1.4 OCVs and transitivity

6.1.5 Ditransitive verbs

6.1.5.1 Double object construction

6.1.5.2 Applicative construction

6.1.6 Ambitransitive verbs

6.1.7 Argument marking

6.1.7.1 Word order

6.1.8 Symmetrical verbs

6.1.9 Conclusion

6.2 Valence-adjusting operations

6.2.1 Valence-increasing operation

6.2.1.1 Causative

6.2.1.2 Applicatives and object alternation (dative shift)

6.2.2. Valence-decreasing operations

6.2.2.1 Absence of passivization

6.2.2.2 The reflexive construction

6.2.2.3 The reciprocal construction

6.2.2.4 The anticausative

6.2.3 The valence pattern of serial verbs

6.2.4 Conclusion

6.3 Verb serialization

6.3.1 The typological criteria.

6.3.2 The functional properties of SVCs.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

1-80511-598-7

1-80511-599-5

9781805115991