Clay on Mars.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Cuadros, Javier.

Contributor:

Cuadros, Javier.

Series:

Developments in Clay Science Series

Developments in Clay Science Series ; v.Volume 12

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Clay minerals.

Mars (Planet).

Physical Description:

1 online resource (0 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier, 2025.

Summary:

Clay on Mars, Volume Twelve delves into the latest advancements in the exploration and characterization of Martian clay.Edited by a team of experts, the book compiles contributions from leading researchers in the field.

Contents:

Front Cover

Clay on Mars

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

List of reviewers

Preface

1 Introduction to Mars

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Permanent characteristics of Mars with important effects on its geology

1.2.1 Absence of plate tectonics

1.2.2 Low gravity

1.3 Evolving global conditions on Mars

1.3.1 Intrinsic magnetic field

1.3.2 Meteorite bombardment

1.3.3 Volcanism

1.3.4 Presence of liquid water

1.3.5 Surface temperature

1.3.6 Erosion and weathering

1.3.7 Mars obliquity

1.3.8 Redox atmospheric conditions

1.4 Summary of Mars geology

1.4.1 Southern highlands

1.4.2 Tharsis

1.4.3 Northern lowlands

1.4.4 Polar ice caps

References

2 Geologic context of clays on Mars

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Clays in craters

2.3 Clays in strata

2.4 Clays in lakes

2.5 Hydrovolcanic and subglacial clays

2.6 Clay in Martian dust

2.7 Clay in Martian meteorites

3 Remote sensing instruments used in the investigation of clays on Mars

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Contributions to the detection of clays on Mars from orbit using imaging systems

3.2.1 Viking Imaging System on Viking mission

3.2.2 Mars Orbiter Camera on Mars Global Surveyor

3.2.3 High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on Mars Express

3.2.4 Context Camera and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

3.2.5 Colour and Stereo Surface Imaging System on ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter

3.3 Detection of clays on Mars from orbit using near-infrared instruments

3.3.1 Detection of clays with near-infrared spectroscopy

3.3.2 Visible-near infrared spectrometers used for detecting clays on Mars

3.3.2.1 OMEGA on Mars Express

3.3.2.2 CRISM on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter

3.4 Detection of clays on Mars from orbit using thermal infrared spectroscopy.

3.4.1 Detection of clays with thermal-infrared spectroscopy

3.4.2 Thermal infrared instruments used for detecting clays on Mars

3.4.2.1 Thermal Emission Spectrometer on Mars Global Surveyor

3.4.2.2 Thermal Emission Imaging System on Mars Odyssey

3.5 Conclusions

4 In situ analysis of clay minerals by landers on Mars

4.1 Introduction

4.2 X-ray diffraction

4.3 Evolved gas analysis

4.4 X-ray spectroscopy

4.5 Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

4.6 Visible spectroscopy

4.7 Shortwave infrared spectroscopy

4.8 Thermal infrared spectroscopy

4.9 Mössbauer spectroscopy

4.10 Raman spectroscopy

4.11 Concluding remarks

5 Lithologic and textural context of clays inferred from remote sensing

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 How can clay minerals be used to constrain Mars' history?

5.1.2 How can orbital and in situ observations be used complementarily?

5.2 Hypothesized environments of clay formation

5.2.1 Warm surface

5.2.2 Warm subsurface

5.2.3 Magma-derived fluids

5.2.4 Primordial surface under a dense atmosphere

5.3 Remote-sensing procedures to constrain lithology and texture

5.3.1 Instrumental constraints affecting clay visibility from orbit

5.3.2 Spectral signatures

5.3.3 Textural features

5.3.3.1 Particle size

5.3.3.2 Mineral homogeneity

5.3.3.3 Veins, nodules, and other diagenetic features

5.3.3.4 Mineral visibility and full mineralogy

5.3.3.5 Texture of mineral mixtures

5.3.4 Morphological features

5.3.4.1 Craters

5.3.4.2 Layering and stratigraphy

5.3.4.3 Flowing water

5.4 Conclusions and thoughts on the future

6 Clay stratigraphies

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Properties of clay stratigraphies on Mars

6.2.1 Distribution in space and time

6.2.2 Composition

6.2.3 Physical characteristics.

6.3 Origin of clay stratigraphies on Mars

6.3.1 Modes of formation

6.3.2 Earth analogs

6.4 Implications for Mars

6.4.1 Noachian climate

6.4.2 Biosignature preservation

6.4.3 Future exploration

Acknowledgments

7 Clays from impact craters

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Impact craters and associated hydrothermal interaction on Earth

7.3 Modeling impact events on Mars

7.4 Craters on Mars and associated clay-forming hydrothermal systems

7.4.1 Noachian impact craters

7.4.2 Hesperian and Amazonian impact craters

7.5 Impacts exhuming buried clays

7.6 Discussion

7.6.1 Why so little evidence of postimpact hydrothermal activity on Mars?

7.6.2 Evidence from other Solar System bodies

7.6.3 Composition of postimpact hydrothermal clay on Mars

7.6.4 Life in intra-crater hydrothermal systems

8 Clays from lakes and seas

8.1 Lakes on Mars

8.2 Origin of lake sediments

8.2.1 Prelake and allochthonous materials

8.2.2 Lake-autochthonous materials

8.3 In situ investigation of lake deposits by rovers

8.3.1 Spirit and Opportunity: Gusev and Endeavour craters

8.3.2 Curiosity at Gale crater

8.3.3 Perseverance at Jezero crater

8.4 Discussion

8.4.1 Resurfacing of lake floors

8.4.2 Noncrystalline silicates

8.4.3 Reverse weathering in Martian lakes

8.4.4 Martian lakes as possible harborers of life

9 Clays of apparent hydrothermal origin

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Clay mineral stability in hydrothermal systems

9.3 Clay-forming hydrothermal systems on Mars

9.3.1 Impact-generated hydrothermal systems

9.3.2 Devolatilization of hydrous lavas

9.3.3 Primordial steam/supercritical atmospheres

9.3.4 Serpentinization of Fe-rich protolith

9.3.5 Radiogenic heat

9.4 Evidence for clays of apparent hydrothermal origin.

9.4.1 Martian meteorites

9.4.2 Orbital spectroscopic data

9.4.3 In situ analyses from landed missions

9.5 Conclusions

10 Formation of clays and nanoscale clay precursors through surface weathering on Mars

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 Clay minerals and nano-clays identified on Mars

10.1.1.1 Clay minerals

10.1.1.2 Nano-clays/clay precursors

10.2 Weathering reactions of mafic rocks and minerals

10.2.1 Influence of climate on weathering

10.2.2 Clay formation under pedogenic conditions

10.3 Clays and nanominerals on Mars

10.3.1 Clay occurrences on Mars

10.3.2 Nanominerals on Mars

10.4 Timescales of clay formation and transformation on Earth and Mars

10.4.1 Time constraints on terrestrial clay and nanoclay formation

10.4.2 Time constraints on Martian clay and nanoclay formation

10.5 Implications for Martian paleoclimate and early history

10.6 Clay formation by direct precipitation from postmagmatic fluids

11 Diagenesis and burial

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Defining diagenetic environments

11.3 Setting the stage for diagenesis

11.4 Early diagenesis

11.5 Burial diagenesis

11.5.1 Illitization

11.5.2 Chloritization

11.5.3 Other burial diagenetic reactions

11.6 Burial diagenesis of clay minerals on Mars

11.7 Synthesis

12 Interstratified clay minerals on Mars

12.1 Overview and importance of interstratified clays as records of formation and transformation environments

12.2 Crystal-chemistry of interstratified clay minerals and prospects for remote detection on Mars

12.2.1 Chlorite-smectite

12.2.2 Kaolinite-smectite

12.2.3 Talc-nontronite and talc-saponite

12.2.4 Chlorite-vermiculite

12.2.5 Glauconite-nontronite

12.2.6 Serpentine interstratified clays.

12.3 Orbital evidence for interstratified clays on Mars

12.3.1 Detection of chlorite-smectite

12.3.2 Detection of kaolinite-smectite

12.4 In situ evidence for interstratified clays on Mars

12.5 Conclusions

13 Clays in Martian meteorites

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Aqueous alteration in Mars meteorites

13.3 Origins of phyllosilicates in Mars meteorites: Pre versus postfall aqueous alteration

13.4 Shergottites

13.5 Nakhlites

13.5.1 Sialic/silicate rust and "iddingsite" in nakhlites

13.5.2 Amorphous constituent of sialic/silicate rust in nakhlites

13.5.3 Phyllosilicates in nakhlites

13.5.4 Elemental mobility in the formation of phyllosilicates in nakhlites

13.6 Orthopyroxenite ALH 84001

13.6.1 Smectite

13.6.2 Talc-like phyllosilicate

13.7 Phyllosilicates from Martian meteorites compared with those in rocks and regolith at Gale crater

13.8 Phyllosilicates hosting organic matter and potential biosignatures

13.8.1 Middle Amazonian aqueous alteration in early Amazonian nakhlites

13.8.2 Middle Noachian aqueous alteration in early Noachian orthopyroxenite

13.9 Summary

14 Clays and Martian astrobiology

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Characteristics of clay minerals

14.3 Earth depositional environments

14.4 What clays are (likely) present on Mars

14.5 What are biosignatures?

14.6 What biosignatures are preserved in clays on Earth

14.6.1 Organic molecules diagnostic of biological origin

14.6.2 Biofabrics

14.6.3 Biomineralization

14.6.4 Isotopic signatures

14.7 What biosignatures are possible in clays on Mars?

14.7.1 Organic molecules diagnostic of biological origin on Mars

14.7.2 Isotopic signatures on Mars

14.7.3 Biomineralization on Mars

14.7.4 Biogenic gases on Mars.

14.8 Implications for the search for biosignatures on Mars and in Mars sample return.

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ISBN:

0-443-21615-0

0-443-21614-2

9780443216152

OCLC:

1547928604