Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination : Assessment and Pre-treatment of Fouling and Scaling / Jan C. Schippers, Gary L. Amy, Maria D. Kennedy, In S. Kim, Sergio G. Salinas-Rodríguez.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Schippers, Jan C., author.

Amy, Gary L., author.

Kennedy, Maria D., author.

Kim, In S., author.

Salinas-Rodríguez, Sergio G., author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Technology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (301 p.)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

[s.l.] : IWA Publishing, 2021.

Summary:

This book can of interest to undergraduate and graduate engineering students and researchers, academics, plant operators, consultants, professionals and practitioners in the water sector. The book is not necessarily intended to be read from cover to cover, but consulted as the need arises. The content of this book deals with: Membrane-based desalination Basic principles of reverse osmosis Fouling and pre-treatment Particulate fouling Organic and biological fouling Algal bloom events Inorganic fouling Scaling Process design Recent advances and emerging processes This book forms part of the Master of Science curriculum in Water Supply Engineering and of the Master of Science Programme in Water and Sustainable Development at IHE Delft Institute for Water Education.

Contents:

Intro

Cover

Foreword

Contributors

About the editors

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction to desalination

1.1 DRIVERS

1.2 DESALINATION TECHNOLOGIES

1.2.1 Reverse osmosis

1.2.2 Distillation

1.2.3 Energy consumption and cost

1.3 GLOBAL DESALINATION CAPACITY

1.3.1 Desalination capacity by technology and source water type

1.3.2 Desalination capacity by region

1.3.3 Desalination capacity per type of customer

1.4 DESALINATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS

1.6 MEMBRANE FOULING

1.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS

1.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Basic principles of reverse osmosis

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 OSMOTIC PRESSURE

2.2.1 Calculation of osmotic pressure

2.3 WATER FLOW

2.3.1 Salt rejection

2.3.2 Salt passage

2.4 SALT FLOW

2.4.1 Permeate salinity

2.5 RECOVERY AND CONCENTRATION FACTOR

2.6 PRESSURE DROP

2.7 CONCENTRATION POLARIZATION

2.7.1 Control of concentration polarization

2.7.2 Effects of concentration polarization

2.7.3 Concentration polarization factor

2.8 MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

2.9 TEMPERATURE AND WATER QUALITY

2.10 FACTORS AFFECTING REVERSE OSMOSIS PERFORMANCE

2.11 ENERGY CONSUMPTION

2.12 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

2.13 REFERENCES

Chapter 3: Fouling and pre-treatment

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO FOULING

3.2 PRE-TREATMENT

3.2.1 Intakes, shore wells / beach wells

3.2.2 Conventional pre-treatment processes

3.2.3 Screens

3.2.4 Chlorination

3.2.5 Granular media filters

3.2.5.1 Filter media

3.2.5.2 Vulnerability of media filtration

3.2.5.3 Filtration rate

3.2.5.4 Filters

3.2.5.5 Media and quality effluent

3.2.5.6 Dual and multimedia filtration

3.2.6 Inline coagulation (direct filtration)

3.2.6.1 Commonly applied coagulants

3.2.7 Flocculation - sedimentation - media filtration.

3.2.8 Dissolved air flotation

3.2.9 Cartridge filtration

3.2.10 Membrane pre-treatment

3.2.11 Comparison between conventional and membrane pre-treatment

3.3 REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Particulate fouling

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 PARTICLES

4.3 PARTICULATE FOULING EQUATION

4.3.1 Constant pressure filtration

4.3.2 Constant flux filtration

4.3.2.1 Cross-flow and dead-end filtration

4.3.3 Modelling particle deposition in RO

4.3.3.1 Mass balance equations

4.3.3.2 Particle deposition mechanisms

4.3.4 The particulate fouling prediction model

4.3.4.1 At constant pressure

4.3.4.2 At constant flux

4.4 SILT DENSITY INDEX (SDI)

4.4.1 Weaknesses of the SDI

4.4.1.1 SDI versus turbidity

4.4.1.2 Non-correlation with concentration of particles

4.4.1.3 Membrane material

4.4.1.4 Water temperature

4.4.2 Predictive value of the SDI

4.5 MODIFIED FOULING INDEX (MFI)

4.5.1.1 Effect of membrane support holder in SDI and MFI0.45

4.5.2 Predicting the rate of fouling in spiral wound RO elements with MFI0.45

4.6 MODIFIED FOULING INDEX - ULTRAFILTRATION (MFI-UF)

4.6.1 MFI-UF constant pressure

4.6.2 MFI-UF constant flux

4.6.2.1 Membranes

4.6.2.2 Flux rate

4.6.3 Predicting pressure increase in RO systems

4.7 PREDICTING PRESSURE DEVELOPMENT IN MICRO- AND ULTRAFILTRATION SYSTEMS

4.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Organic and biological fouling

5.1 WHAT IS ORGANIC FOULING AND BIOFOULING?

5.2 IMPACT OF ORGANIC FOULING AND BIOFOULING ON PLANT OPERATION

5.3 PRETREATMENTS

5.4 PREDICTION OF BIOFOULING POTENTIAL IN RO FEEDWATER

5.4.1 Colony forming units (CFU)

5.4.2 Total direct cell (TDC) count

5.4.3 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content

5.4.4 Assimilable organic carbon (AOC)

5.5 MEMBRANE CLEANING

5.5.1 Chemical cleaning

5.5.2 Acid and base coupled with chelating agents.

5.5.3 Biocides

5.5.4 Surfactants

5.6 MEMBRANE FOULING CHARACTERIZATION METHODS

5.6.1 Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR)

5.6.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

5.6.3 Confocal scanning electron microscopy (CLSM)

5.6.4 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

5.7 PRESENT EFFORTS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

5.7.1 Membrane surface modification

5.7.2 Biological agents

5.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Algal blooms and RO desalination

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 ALGAL BLOOMS

6.2.1 Factors triggering algal blooms

6.2.2 Type of blooms

6.2.2.1 Toxic micro-algal blooms

6.2.2.2 Non-toxic micro-algal blooms

6.2.2.3 Macro-algal blooms

6.2.3 Algal-derived organic matter

6.2.3.1 Extracellular organic matter

6.2.3.2 Intracellular organic matter

6.2.3.2.1 Algal toxins

6.2.3.3 Taste and odour compounds

6.3 RO CHALLENGES DURING ALGAL BLOOMS

6.3.1 Algal toxins

6.3.1.1 Fate of algal toxins through RO

6.3.2 Pre-treatment challenges

6.3.2.1 Clogging of granular media filters

6.3.2.2 Fouling of MF/UF

6.3.3 RO fouling

6.4 ALGAL BLOOM MONITORING IN RO PLANTS

6.4.1 Conventional parameters

6.4.2 Algae concentration

6.4.2.1 Cell count

6.4.2.2 Cholorophyll-a

6.4.2.3 Remote sensing to monitor algal bloom transport and landfall

6.4.3 Algal organic matter characterisation

6.4.3.1 Liquid chromatography - organic carbon detection (LC-OCD)

6.4.3.2 FEEM

6.4.3.3 TEP concentration

6.4.3.4 HAB toxins

6.4.3.5 Taste and odour compounds

6.4.4 Particulate fouling potential

6.4.5 Biological fouling potential

6.5 OPERATIONAL &amp

PRETREATMENT STRATEGIES

6.5.1 Toxin risk management in RO plants

6.5.2 Seawater intake design considerations

6.5.3 Chlorination and de-chlorination

6.5.4 Dissolved air flotation

6.5.5 Granular media filtration.

6.5.6 Microfiltration and ultrafiltration

6.5.7 Emerging pretreatment solutions

6.5.7.1 Ultrasonic algae control at the water intake

6.5.7.2 Integrated flotation-filtration pretreatment

6.5.7.3 Auto-adaptive operation of MF/UF pretreatment

6.6 REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Inorganic fouling

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 ORIGIN OF IRON AND MANGANESE

7.2.1 Anaerobic conditions

7.2.2 Aerobic conditions

7.2.3 Degree of anaerobia

7.3 COMPOSITION OF GROUNDWATER AND BEACH WELLS

7.3.1 Beach/shore wells

7.4 MEMBRANE FOULING DUE TO IRON AND MANGANESE

7.4.1 Fouling due to iron

7.4.2 Fouling due to manganese

7.5 RATE OF OXIDATION IRON (II) AND MANGANESE (II)

7.6 HOW TO AVOID FOULING DUE TO IRON (II) AND MANGANESE (II)

7.6.1 Controlling membrane fouling due to iron and manganese

7.6.2 Removal of Iron and Manganese

7.6.2.1 Aeration followed by sand filtration

7.6.2.2 Iron removal

7.6.2.3 Manganese removal

7.6.2.4 Polishing with cartridge filtration

7.7 SUMMARIZING

7.8 REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Scaling

8.1 MEMBRANE SCALING

8.1.1 Solubility of salts and supersaturation

8.1.2 Precipitation kinetics

8.1.2.1 Nucleation

8.1.2.2 Crystal growth

8.1.2.3 Concept of induction time

8.2 FACTORS AFFECTING SCALING

8.2.1 pH in RO concentrate and in RO permeate

8.3 TYPES OF SCALE ENCOUNTERED IN RO

8.3.1 Calcium carbonate scaling

8.3.2 Calcium sulphate scaling

8.3.3 Silica/metal silicates

8.3.4 Barium sulphate scaling

8.3.5 Calcium phosphate scaling

8.4 PREDICTION OF SCALING TENDENCY

8.4.1 Scaling indices

8.4.1.1 Saturation index (SI)

8.4.1.2 Supersaturation Ratio (Sr)

8.4.1.3 Langelier saturation index (LSI)

8.4.1.4 Stiff-Davis Stability Index (S&amp

DSI)

8.4.1.5 Calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP).

8.5 SCALING PREDICTIONS WITH COMPUTER SOFTWARE

8.5.1 Commercial Programs

8.5.2 PHREEQC

8.6 MONITORING SCALING IN RO

8.6.1 Sensors and data monitoring

8.6.2 Parameters used to monitor scaling in RO systems

8.6.3 Monitoring systems

8.7 SCALING CONTROL AND ANTISCALANTS

8.7.1 Altering feed water characteristics

8.7.2 Optimization of operating parameters and system design

8.7.3 Addition of scale inhibitors/antiscalants

8.7.4 Antiscalants

8.8 DETERMINATION OF ANTISCALANT DOSE IN RO SYSTEMS

8.8.1 Dosage determination of scale inhibitor (antiscalant)

8.8.2 Dosage control and optimization

8.8.3 Summarizing

8.9 SCALING IN SEAWATER REVERSE OSMOSIS

8.9.1 Case study: SWRO pilot plant at the North Sea in the Netherlands

8.10 REFERENCES

Chapter 9: Process design of reverse osmosis systems

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.1.1 Basic data

9.1.2 Membrane type

9.2 DESIGN GUIDELINES

9.3 PROCESS DESIGN STEPS

9.3.1 Step 1 - Simplified calculation of permeate concentration

9.3.2 Step 2 - Calculation number of elements and pressure vessels

9.3.3 Step 3 - Membrane permeability coefficients for water and salt

9.3.3.1 Calculation of membrane permeability coefficient for water (Kw)

9.3.3.2 Calculation of membrane permeability coefficient for salt (Ks)

9.3.4 Step 4 - Preliminary calculation of feed pressure

9.3.5 Step 5 - Calculations of flows, recovery, and concentration polarization factor for each element

9.3.5.1 Calculation of the concentration polarization factor

9.3.6 Step 6 - Calculations of permeate quality

9.3.6.1 Assuming a constant salt rejection (no flux effect)

9.3.6.2 Salt rejection depends on the flux

9.3.7 Step 7 - Cross-flow velocity calculation

9.3.8 Step 8 - Energy consumption

9.3.8.1 Energy to raise the pressure of 1 m3 to 1 bar.

9.3.8.2 Without energy recovery device (ERD).

Notes:

CC BY-NC-ND

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

1-78040-986-9

OCLC:

1255863527

Publisher Number:

https://doi.org/10.2166/9781780409863