Aging in Ophthalmology.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Alió, Jorge L.

Contributor:

Grzybowski, MBA, MAE, Andrzej.

Loewenstein, Anat.

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (508 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2025.

Summary:

Aging in Ophthalmology examines the aging process of the eye and how this affects the future of ophthalmology.With a strong focus on therapeutic options, the book shows the latest improvements in medical and surgical possibilities.

Contents:

Front Cover

Front Matter

Titlepage

Copyright

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Reference

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1 Aging as a risk factor in eye disease: Mechanisms of aging in the human body

Core Messages

1.1 Introduction

1.1.1 DNA damage

1.1.2 Telomere shortening

1.1.3 Epigenetic alterations

1.1.4 Mitochondrial dysfunction

1.1.5 Reactive oxygen species

1.1.6 Cellular senescence

1.1.7 Age-related physiological changes

1.1.8 Diet and nutrition

1.1.9 Physical activity

1.1.10 Smoking and alcohol consumption

1.1.11 Social and psychological factors

1.1.12 Environmental exposures

1.2 Ocular embryology and age-related changes

1.2.1 Cornea

1.2.2 Lens

1.2.3 Vitreous

1.2.4 Retina

1.2.5 Sclera and uvea

1.3 Reactive oxygen species

1.3.1 The molecular mechanisms of reactive oxygen species

1.3.2 Here are a few examples of reactive oxygen species damage in different structures of the eye

1.4 Ultraviolet radiation

1.4.1 Types of ultraviolet radiation

1.4.2 The impact of ultraviolet radiation on ocular health

1.5 Genetics and epigenetics and their influence on aging

1.5.1 Genetic influences and their clinical implications

1.5.2 Epigenetic influences and clinical relevance

1.5.3 Genetics and its impact on ocular health

1.6 Take-home messages

References

Chapter 2 Age-related changes of the eyelid and surgery of eyelids in aging

Core messages

2.1 Eyelid aging

2.1.1 Principles of eyelid aging

2.1.2 Ligament changes

2.1.3 Periosteal changes

2.1.4 Contour and shapes

2.2 Upper eyelids and brows aging

2.2.1 Upper dermatochalasis

2.2.2 Ptosis

2.2.3 Brow ptosis

2.2.4 Floppy eyelid

2.3 Lower eyelid aging

2.3.1 Lower eyelid dermatochalasis

2.3.2 Entropion

2.3.3 Ectropion

2.3.4 Eyelid tumors.

Take home notes

Chapter 3 Age-related changes in the optics of the human eye

3.1 Biometric changes

3.1.1 Corneal power

3.1.2 Crystalline lens

3.1.4 Anterior chamber

3.1.5 Pupil diameter

3.2 Refractive errors and wavefront aberrations

3.2.1 Refractive errors

3.2.2 Wavefront aberrations

3.2.3 Accommodation and presbyopia

3.3 Eye models

3.4 Photometry

3.4.1 Transmittance

3.4.2 Straylight

3.4.3 Stiles-Crawford effect

Take home notes

Chapter 4 Cornea aging: A layered perspective

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The tear film and corneal epithelium

4.2.1 Tear film

4.2.2 Corneal epithelium

4.2.3 Epithelial basement membrane

4.3 Corneal stroma and bowman layer

4.3.1 Composition

4.3.2 Aging effects

4.4 Corneal nerves

4.4.1 Function and anatomy

4.4.2 Age-related changes

4.4.3 Impact on tear production and wound healing

4.5 Descemet membrane and endothelium

4.5.1 Descemet membrane

4.5.2 Corneal endothelium

4.6 Age-related changes in corneal physiology, topography, and optics

4.6.1 Corneal elasticity and biomechanics

4.6.2 Age-related corneal shape changes and optical aberrations

Take Home Notes

Chapter 5 Aging in the human lens

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Human lens and crystallin proteins

5.1.2 Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense

5.1.3 Antioxidant imbalance and ocular health

5.1.4 Biomarkers in oxidative stress-related ocular diseases

5.2 Cataract pathogenesis and oxidative stress

5.2.1 Oxidative Stress-related damage

5.2.2 Mechanisms of lens protein oxidation

5.2.3 Cellular responses to oxidative stress

5.2.4 Impact on antioxidant systems

5.3 Optical consequence

5.3.1 Densitometric changes and optical quality.

5.3.2 Increased scattering and aberrations

5.3.3 Aberrometric changes with aging

5.4 Predictive diagnostics in oxidative stress-related lens aging

5.4.1 Lens

5.4.2 Aqueous humor

5.4.3 Serum

5.5 Prevention and natural antioxidant therapy for oxidative stress-related lens diseases

Chapter 6 Aging and accommodation

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Accommodation performance as a function of age

6.2.1 Amplitude of accommodation

6.2.2 The steady-state response/stimulus relationship

6.2.3 Stability of the response

6.2.4 Response dynamics

6.3 The mechanism of accommodation and its ageing

6.3.1 The physiological basis of accommodation

6.4 Presbyopia

6.4.1 The lens and its capsule

6.4.2 The ciliary muscle

6.4.3 Zonule

6.4.4 Choroid and iris

6.4.5 Vitreous

6.5 The nonsurgical treatment of presbyopia

6.5.1 Delaying the onset of presbyopia

6.5.2 Pharmacological improvement in the amplitude of accommodation

6.5.3 Improved lighting

6.6 Optical correction of presbyopia^^e2^^80^^93fundamentals

6.6.1 Spectacle lenses

6.6.2 Multifocal spectacle lenses

6.6.3 Progressive addition lenses

6.6.4 Variable-power lenses

6.6.5 Contact lenses

6.7 Surgical treatment of presbyopia

6.7.1 Refractive lens exchange

6.7.2 Cataract surgery

6.8 Conclusion

6.9 Take-home notes

Chapter 7 Aging in the trabecular meshwork

7.1 Anatomy of the trabecular meshwork

7.2 Physiology of the trabecular pathway

7.3 Age-related modifications of the trabecular meshwork

7.3.1 Cellularity

7.3.2 Metabolism and cellular phenotypes

7.3.3 Autophagy

7.3.4 Changes in biomechanics

7.4 Conclusion

Take-home notes

Chapter 8 Aging in glaucoma surgery

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Relevant age-related changes in the eye for glaucoma surgery

8.3 Surgical considerations in the elderly

8.3.1 Patient selection

8.3.2 Surgical options

8.3.3 Type of anesthesia

8.4 Postoperative management and outcomes

8.4.1 Complications

8.4.2 Follow-up and long-term care

8.5 Conclusion

Chapter 9 The aging vitreous gel

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Once formed the vitreous gel cannot be renewed

9.3 Vitreous liquefaction and loss of function

9.4 A new function of the vitreous gel

9.5 Is the gel important?

9.6 Vitreous liquefaction and primary open angle glaucoma

9.7 Vitreous liquefaction and loss of structure

9.8 Floaters

9.9 Retinal complications of posterior vitreous detachment requiring vitrectomy surgery

9.10 Conclusion

Take home note

Chapter 10 Aging of the human retina

10.1 Structural changes

10.1.1 Outer retina

10.1.2 Inner retina

10.2 Molecular and metabolic changes

10.2.1 Genome instability

10.2.2 Epigenome

10.2.3 Dysregulated metabolic signaling

10.2.4 Mitochondrial damage

10.2.5 Metabolic stress

10.2.6 Proteostasis

10.2.7 Immunology

10.3 Spatial variation of normal age-related changes in individual retinal layers

10.3.1 Inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, and outer plexiform layer (Fig. 10.4)

10.3.2 Outer nuclear layer, photoreceptor inner/outer segments, and retinal pigment epithelium (Fig 10.5)

10.3.3 Retinal nerve fiber layer and ganglion cell layer (Fig. 10.6)

Chapter 11 Aging of the retinal pigment epithelium

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Functions of the retinal pigment epithelium

11.3 Effect of Age on photoreceptor outer-segment phagocytosis.

11.4 Autophagy and the aging retinal pigment epithelium

11.5 Effect of Age on lc3-associated phagocytosis in the retinal pigment epithelium

11.6 The effect of age on lipofuscin accumulation within the retinal pigment epithelium

11.7 The effect of age on bruch's membrane

11.8 The effect of age on rpe-mediated ocular immune regulation

11.9 Aging and epigenetic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium

11.10 Therapies that abrogate age-induced changes to the retinal pigment epithelium

11.11 Conclusions

Funding information

Chapter 12 Eye and major age-related central nervous system degenerative disorders

Illustrations

12.1 Introduction

12.1.1 Overview of central nervous system degenerative disorders

12.1.2 Eye anatomy and function

12.1.3 Link between eye and central nervous system disorders

12.2 Alzheimer's disease and the eye

12.2.1 Disease overview

12.2.2 Parkinson's disease and the eye

12.2.3 Other age-related neurodegenerative disorders and the eye

12.2.4 Summary

12.2.5 Future outlook

Chapter 13 Eye and major age-related cardiovascular disorders

Introduction

13.1 Aging in ocular microvascular system

13.2 Cardiovascular diseases and ocular microvascular system

13.2.1 Cardiovascular diseases risk factors and ocular microvascular system

13.2.2 Cardiovascular disease prediction and ocular microvascular system

13.3 Aging beyond ocular microvascular system

13.4 Cardiovascular diseases beyond ocular microvascular system

13.4.1 Cardiovascular diseases risk factors through the eye with AI

13.4.2 Cardiovascular diseases prediction through the eye with AI

13.5 Clinical application of eye-cardiovascular relationship

13.5.1 Vascular aging monitoring.

13.5.2 Disease risk stratification.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-443-13984-9

OCLC:

1539039568