Ultrasonics : Fundamentals, Technologies, and Applications.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ensminger, Dale.

Contributor:

Bond, Leonard J. J.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Ultrasonic waves--Industrial applications.

Ultrasonic waves.

Ultrasonics.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (904 pages)

Edition:

4th ed.

Place of Publication:

Milton : Taylor & Francis Group, 2024.

Summary:

Updated, revised, and restructured to reflect the latest advances in science and applications, the fourth edition of this best-selling industry and research reference covers the fundamental physical acoustics of ultrasonics and transducers, with a focus on piezoelectric and magnetostrictive modalities. It then discusses the full breadth of ultrasonics applications involving low power (sensing) and high power (processing) for research, industrial, and medical use. This book includes new content covering computer modeling used for acoustic and elastic wave phenomena, including scattering, mode conversion, transmission through layered media, Rayleigh and Lamb waves and flexural plates, modern horn design tools, Langevin transducers, and material characterization. There is more attention on process monitoring and advanced nondestructive testing and evaluation (NDT/NDE), including phased array ultrasound (PAUT), long-range inspection, using guided ultrasonic waves (GUW), internally rotary inspection systems (IRIS), time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD), and acoustic emission (AE). These methods are discussed and applied to both metals and nonmetals using illustrations in various industries, including now additionally for food and beverage products. The topics of defect sizing, capabilities, and limitations, including the probability of detection (POD), are introduced. Three chapters provide a new treatment of high-power ultrasonics, for both fluids and solids, and again, with examples of industrial engineering, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals, and other process applications. Expanded coverage is given to medical and biological applications, covering diagnostics, therapy, and, at the highest powers, surgery. Key Features Provides an overview of fundamental analysis and transducer technologies needed to design and develop both measurement and processing systems Considers applications in material characterization and metrology Covers ultrasonic nondestructive testing and evaluation and high-power ultrasonics, which involves interactions that change the state of material Highlights medical and biomedical applications of ultrasound, focusing on the physical acoustics and the technology employed for diagnosis, therapy, surgery, and research This book is intended for both the undergraduate and graduate scientists and engineers, as well as the working professional, who seeks to understand the fundamentals together with a holistic treatment of the field of ultrasonics and its diversity of applications.

Contents:

Cover

Half Title

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition

Preface to the Third Edition

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Acknowledgments

Authors

Chapter 1: Ultrasonics: A Broad Field

1.1. Introduction

1.1.1. Brief Early History

1.2. Physical Acoustics

1.3. Ultrasonic Systems: Transmitters and Receivers

1.4. Ultrasonic Metrology

1.4.1. Industrial Applications

1.4.2. Underwater Sound (SONAR)

1.4.3. Ultrasonics in Electronics

1.5. Nondestructive Testing/Evaluation

1.6. High-Power Applications

1.7. Medical and Biological Ultrasonics

1.8. Ultrasonics: Trends and the Future

References

Chapter 2: Ultrasonic Wave Propagation and Associated Phenomena

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Power Delivered to an Oscillating System

2.3. Velocity of Sound

2.3.1. Velocity of Sound in Solids

2.3.2. Velocity of Sound in Liquids

2.3.3. Velocity of Sound in Gases

2.4. Impingment of an Ultrasonic Wave on a Boundary Between Two Media

2.4.1. Simple Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence

2.4.2. Some Basic Mechanics

2.4.3. General Considerations of Incident Waves

2.4.4. Development of General Equations for Reflection and Refraction Where Mode Conversion Is Possible

2.4.5. Wave Incident on a Liquid-Solid Plane Interface, Semi-Infinite Media

2.4.6. Shear Wave at a Solid-Solid Interface Polarized Parallel to the Plane of the Interface

2.4.7. Transmission through Thin Layers

2.4.8. Wave Propagation in Plates

2.4.9. Reflection, Refraction, and Mode Conversion in General Applications of Ultrasonic Energy

2.5. Diffraction

2.5.1. Huygens' Principle

2.5.2. Diffraction in Three-Dimensional Space

2.5.3. Directivity Pattern

2.5.4. Focusing

2.6. Standing Waves

2.7. Doppler Effect.

2.8. Superposition of Waves

2.9. Attenuation and Scattering of Ultrasonic Waves

2.9.1. Attenuation due to Beam Spreading

2.9.2. Attenuation due to Scattering

2.9.3. Scattering from a Cylindrical Obstruction in a Homogeneous Medium

2.9.4. Scattering from a Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium

2.9.5. Scattering from a Disk-Shaped Cavity in a Homogeneous Medium

2.9.6. Scattering from an Elastic Isotropic Sphere in a Homogeneous Medium

2.9.7. Scattering from Targets of Simple Form

2.9.8. Scattering from Rough Surfaces and Interfaces

2.9.9. Scattering in Measurements

2.9.10. Attenuation due to Hysteresis

2.9.11. Attenuation due to Other Mechanisms

2.9.12. Higher Order Elastic Constants and Nonlinear Phenomena

2.10. Measurement System Models

2.10.1. Resolution

2.10.2. Signal-to-Noise and Measurement Window

2.10.3. Decibel (dB) and Neper

2.11. High-Power Phenomena

2.12. Computer Models of Ultrasonic Phenomena

2.12.1. Theories and Computational Methods

2.12.2. Modeling Transducer Wave Fields: Finite Exciting Sources

2.12.3. Computational NDE

2.12.4. Guided Waves

2.12.5. Model-Assisted POD (MAPOD)

2.12.6. Computational Seismology

2.12.7. Underwater Acoustics

2.12.8. Medical Models

2.12.9. High-Power Ultrasound

2.12.10. Modeling Ultrasonic Phenomena and Applications

Chapter 3: Fundamental Equations Employed in Ultrasonic Design and Applications

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Simple Spring-Mass Oscillator

3.2.1. Ideal Condition - Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

3.2.2. Real Condition - Damped Simple Harmonic Motion

3.2.3. Effect of Damping on Phase Relationships - The Forced Oscillator

3.3. Wave Equations

3.3.1. Plane-Wave Equation (Longitudinal)

3.3.2. General Wave Equation

3.4. Solution of the Plane-Wave Equation, Linear System.

3.4.1. General Solution

3.4.2. Free-Free Longitudinally Vibrating Uniform Bar

3.4.3. Stress in a Vibrating Uniform Bar

3.4.4. Mechanical Impedance

3.4.5. Quality Factor (Q)

3.5. Transverse-Wave Equation

3.6. Solution of the Transverse-Wave Equation

3.6.1. Clamped-Free Uniform Bar

3.6.2. Free-Free Bar (Free at Both Ends)

3.6.3. Clamped-Clamped Bar (Clamped at Both Ends)

3.6.4. Effect of Geometry on Transverse Vibrations of Bars

3.7. Plate and Surface Waves

3.7.1. General Wave Equation

3.7.2. Lamb Waves

3.7.3. Rayleigh Waves

3.8. Flexural Plates

3.8.1. Rectangular Plate with Simply Supported Edges

3.8.2. Free Circular Plate

3.8.3. Circular Plate with its Center Fixed

3.8.4. Finite Exciting Sources (Transducers)

Chapter 4: Design of Ultrasonic Horns for High-Power Applications

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Horn Equations

4.3. Types of Horns (Sonotrodes)

4.3.1. Cylinder or Uniform Bar as an Ultrasonic Horn

4.3.2. Stepped Horn (Double Cylinder)

4.3.3. Exponentially Tapered Horn

4.3.4. Wedge-Shaped Horns

4.3.5. Conical Horns

4.3.6. Catenoidal Horns

4.4. Effect of Damping on the Operation of Horns

4.5. Wide Horns and Horns of Large Cross Section

4.5.1. Wide-Blade Type Horns

4.5.2. Horns of Large Cross Section

4.5.3. Rotating Hollow Horn

4.6. Advanced Horn (Sonotrode) and System Design

4.6.1. Langevin Transducers

4.6.2. Computer Models for Horn (Sonotrode) Design and Analysis

Chapter 5: Basic Design of Ultrasonic Transducers

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Transducer Equivalent Circuits

5.3. Piezoelectric Transducers

5.3.1. Equivalent Circuit of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer

5.3.2. Efficiency of a Simple Piezoelectric Transducer.

5.3.3. Maximum Power Transfer between Electronic Power Source and Simple Piezoelectric Transducers

5.3.4. Determining Transformation Factor (α) for the Piezoelectric Transducer Material

5.3.5. Quality Factor (Q) of Piezoelectric Transducers

5.3.6. KLM and Examples of Designs Using Transducer Models

5.3.7. Pulse-Type Transducers for Low-Intensity Applications

5.3.8. Piezoelectric Transducers for High-Frequency Applications

5.3.9. Piezoelectric Transducers for High-Intensity Applications

5.3.10. Piezoelectric Transducers for Harsh Environments

5.3.11. Piezoelectric Materials and Their Properties

5.3.12. Piezoelectric Polymers for Transducers

5.4. Magnetostrictive Transducers

5.4.1. Maximum Power Transfer to the Magnetostrictive Transducer

5.4.2. Efficiency of the Magnetostrictive Transducer

5.4.3. Magnetostrictive Transducers for High-Intensity Applications

5.4.4. Magnetostrictive Transducers for NDE Applications

5.4.5. Giant Magnetostrictive Materials

5.4.6. Comparison between Piezoelectric and Magnetostrictive

5.5. Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

5.5.1. Electromagnetic Coupling

5.6. Laser Ultrasonics

5.7. Ultrasonic Arrays

5.8. Transducers for Gas Coupled Measurements

5.8.1. Range Finding

5.9. Electromagnetic Devices

5.10. Pneumatic Devices (Whistles)

5.10.1. Coating Fine Particles

5.10.2. Controlling Foam in Large Industrial Tanks for Liquids

5.11. Mechanical Devices

5.12. Electrostatic Coupling

5.13. Surface Acoustic Wave Devices

5.14. Resistive Layer Transducers

5.15. Transducer-Generated Wave Fields

5.16. General Remarks

Chapter 6: Determining Properties of Materials

6.1. Introduction

6.1.1. Measurement of Properties

6.2. Methods for Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation.

6.2.1. Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Isotropic Solids

6.2.2. Measurement of Velocity and Attenuation in Fluids

6.2.3. Ultrasonic Pulse Transmission

6.3. Precision Methods of Measuring Velocity

6.3.1. Interferometer Method

6.3.2. Resonance Method

6.3.3. "Sing-Around" Method

6.3.4. Pulse-Superposition Method

6.3.5. Pulse-Echo-Overlap Method

6.3.6. Measurements in Materials with High Attenuation

6.3.7. Measurements at High Temperatures

6.3.8. Measurements at High Pressures

6.3.9. Properties of Water and Other Reference Materials

6.4. Low-Frequency Measurements of Elastic Moduli and PoissonŁs Ratio

6.4.1. Measuring Flexural and Longitudinal Resonant Frequencies of Bars

6.4.2. Measuring Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Isotropic Bars

6.4.3. Determining Poisson's Ratio, Young's Modulus, and Shear Modulus from Flexural and Torsional Resonance Data

6.5. Density, Viscosity, and Particle Size Measurements

6.5.1. Ultrasonic Device for Quantitative Density Measurements of Slurries

6.5.2. Viscosity Measurements by Ultrasonics

6.5.3. Ultrasonic Diffraction Grating Spectroscopy for Particle Size and Viscosity

6.5.4. Particle Size in Emulsions, Colloids, and Slurries

6.5.5. Porosity and Grain Characterization

6.6. Determining Properties of Plastics and High-Molecular-Weight Polymers

6.7. Unconventional Measurements of Acoustic Properties

6.7.1. Comparator Methods

6.7.2. Dynamic Modulus

Chapter 7: Imaging, Process Measurements, and Low-Intensity Applications

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Ultrasonic Imaging

7.2.1. Historical Background

7.2.2. Electron Acoustic Image Converter

7.2.3. Schlieren Imaging

7.2.4. Photoeleastic Visualization

7.2.5. Liquid Levitation Imaging

7.2.6. Ultrasonic Imaging with Liquid Crystals.

7.2.7. Photographic Methods of Imaging Ultrasonics.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Ensminger, Dale Ultrasonics

ISBN:

9781000994964

1000994961

OCLC:

1415892851