From Edessa to Urfa : the Fortification of the Citadel / Cristina Tonghini.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Tonghini, Cristina, author.

Series:

Contemporary Anthropology: Archaeological Fieldwork and Methods

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Excavations (Archaeology)--Turkey--Şanlıurfa.

Excavations (Archaeology).

Fortification--Turkey--Şanlıurfa.

Fortification.

S¸anliurfa (Turkey)--Antiquities.

S¸anliurfa (Turkey).

Genre:

General reference book

Physical Description:

1 online resource (270 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Oxford, England : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, [2021]

Language Note:

In English.

Original language in English.

Summary:

This book presents results of an archaeological research project focused on a specific monumental area, the citadel, in the city of Urfa (Turkey), known in ancient times as Edessa. Three seasons of fieldwork were carried out (2014-2016) in order to identify the building sequence of the citadel and establish an absolute chronology of events.

Contents:

Cover

Title Page

Copyright page

Contents Page

Acknowledgements

Conventions

Credits

Abstract

Özet

Chapter 1

Introduction

Introduction to the city, from Edessa to Urfa

Figure 1.1. General map of the area, with the location of Urfa

The citadel in previous studies

Figure 1.2. General map of Urfa, with the location of the citadel. © Google Earth

Medieval fortifications in the Near East: a personal itinerary from Shayzar to Urfa

Figure 1.3. Urfa city walls and citadel. After Niebuhr 1774-1778, 2: Pl. LI

Figure 1.4. General view of the citadel, from the N. Photo Tarducci

Figure 1.5. General view of the citadel, from the NE. Photo Tarducci

Figure 1.6. General view of the citadel, from the S. Photo Reali

Figure 1.7. The ditch on the eastern side, from the S

Figure 1.8. The present ascent to the gate of the citadel, from the NW

Figure 1.9. Modern circulation paths around the citadel, with Balıklıgöl park and the minaret of Maqām al-Khalīl on the right

The project: aim, methodology and the presentation of the results

Part 1

The fortification of the citadel: the written sources

Building and re-building: a summary of events

Chapter 2

Edessa and its fortifications in Byzantine times (6th-11th centuries)

The age of Justinian

The 7th century

The siege of Edessa of 944 and the translatio of the mandylion to Constantinople

The second half of the 10th century

The 11th century events

Figure 2.1. George Maniakes and the 'Saracens' fighting in Edessa: illumination in the chronicle of John Skylitzes (Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, Vitr. 26-2, f. 205r - Imágen propiedad de la Biblioteca Nacional de España)

Bibliography

Chapter 3

The citadels and the city walls in the Syriac sources

The first millennium: of walls and floods.

The second millennium: Turks and Crusaders

Primary sources

Chapter 4

Edessa in Armenian sources

Appendix: Descriptions of Edessa's fortifications in Matthew's Chronicle

Chapter 5

The citadel of al-Ruhā' in the Arabic sources: an overview

The early Islamic period (7th-10th centuries)

The middle Islamic period (11th-14th centuries)

Chapter 6

The fortifications of Edessa in medieval Latin sources

Concerning the cities of the Persians in the Promised Land, especially Edessa or Roas, its conquest, and the war that the Christians are preparing

Appendix: 'The cities of the Persians in the Promised Land, especially Edessa or Roas, its conquest, and the war that the Christians are preparing' (1146)

Chapter 7

Ruhā in the Persian sources: an elusive presence

Chapter 8

The citadel of Urfa in the Ottoman written sources

A note on terminology and sources

Before the Ottomans

In the 16th century

In the 17th century

In the 18th and 19th centuries

Table 1.

Part 2

The inscriptions from the citadel

Chapter 9

Notes on some Greek inscriptions from Edessa

Figure 9.1. Urfa, Harran Gate: Greek inscription, detail. From the S

Figure 9.3. Greek inscription no. 2

Figure 9.2. Eastern curtain, interior, from the W: location of Greek inscription no. 2

Figure 9.5. Greek inscription no. 3

Figure 9.4. Southern curtain, interior, from the N: location of Greek inscription no. 3

Chapter 10

The Arabic inscriptions of the citadel of al-Ruhā' (Urfa/Şanlıurfa)

Abbasids

Figure 10.1. General map of the citadel, with location of the inscriptions discussed in Ch. 10

Figure 10.2. The eastern column, from the N.

Figure 10.3. The Arabic inscription no. 1 carved on the eastern column

Mamluks

Figure 10.4. Southern curtain, general view of the eastern part of inscription no. 2, from the S

Figure 10.5. Southern curtain, general view of the western part of inscription no. 2, from the SE

Aq Qoyunlu

Figure 10.6. Inscription no. 2: detail of first part

Figure 10.7. Inscription no. 2: detail of central part

Figure 10.8. Inscription no. 2: detail of last part

Figure 10.9. Northern curtain, inscription no. 3. Photo E. Reali

Figure 10.11. Recognisable symbol inside the medallion (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)

Figure 10.12. Tughra of Uzun Ḥasan (from Sözen 1981: frontispiece)

Figure 10.10. Inscription no. 4. Photo E. Reali

Figure 10.13. Tower 2, inscription no. 5. Photo E. Reali

Figure 10.14. Northern curtain, inscription no. 5 (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)

Figure 10.15. Mārdīn, symbol/tughra of Uzun Ḥasan on the tower of the citadel (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)

Figure 10.16. Mārdīn, symbol/tughra of Uzun Ḥasan on the mosque minaret (drawing by R. Giunta, 2016)

Table 1. Inscriptions of Abū'l-Naṣr Ḥasan in the Anatolian area.

Ottomans

Table 2. Main formulaic elements of inscriptions of Abū'l-Naṣr Ḥasan in the Anatolian area.

Figure 10.17. Northern curtain, inscription no. 6

Figure 10.18. Eastern curtain, block from inscription no. 6, final part

Figure 10.19. Photographic reconstruction of inscription no. 6 (R. Giunta)

Figure 10.21. Epigraphic cartouche no. 8, west of inscription no. 6

Figure 10.20. Tower 3, Inscription no. 7

Figure 10.22. Epigraphic band between two epigraphic cartouches. © Creswell Archive, Ashmolean Museum, neg. EA.CA.6607, detail

Other

Figure 10.23. Southern curtain, epigraphic block no. 9, from the S

Figure 10.24. Epigraphic block no. 9. Photo L. Tarducci.

Figure 10.25. Southern curtain, epigraphic block no. 10, reused upside down

Figure 10.26. Epigraphic block no. 10

Figure 10.27. Gate to the citadel, interior, from the E © Creswell Archive, Ashmolean Museum, neg. EA.CA.6606, detail

Table 3. Inscriptions of al-Ruhā' in chronological order (those of the city in italics on grey background).

Part 3

The Fortification of the Citadel: the Material Evidence

The archaeological analysis

The site

Field-work methodology

Presentation of the results

Chapter 11

The material evidence: Period 1 (post 3rd-6th centuries?)

Chronology

Figure 11.1. General map of the citadel with distribution of Phases and Activities in Period 1

Figure 11.2. Western city wall, remains of gate IV, from the W

Figure 11.3. Western city wall, gate IV, detail of dressing

Figure 11.4. Southern city wall, remains west of Bab Harran, from the S

Figure 11.5. Southern city wall, tower west of Bab Harran, from the E

Figure 11.6. Western city wall, remains of tower north of Balıklıgöl park, from the S

Figure 11.7. Southern city wall, Harran gate, from the S

The archaeological analysis (Figure 11.1)

Figure 11.8. Wall US 446 (A. 1), behind Tower 3 and entrance to the internal passage. From the S

Figure 11.9. Tower 1: remains of the western city wall (US 500, A. 2) abutted by later structures, from the N

Figure 11.10. Eastern wall, south corner (US 200, A. 3), with cuts in the rock. From the NE

Figure 11.11. Remains of structure US 243 (A. 4) on the northern front. From the W

Figure 11.12. Structure US 363 (A. 18), northern front. From the N

Figure 11.13. Eastern column with Syriac inscription (A. 17), from the N

Figure 11.14. Building N, general sketch plan with Stratigraphic Units.

Figure 11.15. Building N, western wall (US 3000, Ph. 2, A. 11), from the W

Figure 11.16. Building N, western wall (US 3000, Ph. 2, A. 11), from the S

Figure 11.17. Tower 4, level 2, wall US 716 (Ph. 3, A. 12), from the E

Figure 11.18. Tower 4, level 2, wall US 716 (Ph. 3, A. 12), detail of internal face, from the W

Figure 11.19. Tower 4, level 1 (Ph. 4, A. 13), SE corner, facing E

© Şanılurfa Kültūr Varlıklarını Koruma Bölge Kurulu Müdürlüğü

Figure 11.20. Tower 4, level 1, US 718 (Ph. 4, A. 13), from the N. Photo C. Tavernari

Figure 11.21. Tower 4, level 1, stairs US 720 (Ph. 4, A. 13), from the NE. Photo C. Tavernari

Chapter 12

The material evidence: Period 2 (post 6th-11th centuries?)

Figure 12.1. General map of the citadel with distribution of Phases and Activities in Period 2

Figure 12.2. Tower L1 (left) and L2 (right) from the NW

The archaeological analysis (Figure 12.1)

Figure 12.3. The southern front, with the ditch cut into the rock, from the W. The line indicates the hypothetical depth of ditch in Period 2

Figure 12.4 Turret 8, from the E, standing on the very edge of the vertical walls of the ditch

Figure 12.5. The ditch on the northern side, turning north toward the city. From the W

Figure 12.6. Turret 9 abutting later structures of Period 5, from the SE

Figure 12.7. Towers L1 and L2, general sketch plan with Stratigraphic Units

Figure 12.8. Tower L1, from the S

Figure 12.9. The northern ditch, from the NE

Figure 12.10. Northern ditch, detail

Figure 12.11. The pillar of Period 3 or 4

Spolia in Tower L1: a preliminary note

Figure 12.12. The counterscarp, south-eastern corner of the ditch, from the NW

Figure 12.13. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 1

Figure 12.15. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 3.

Figure 12.17. Tower L1, core: decorated fragment no. 5.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

9781789697575

1789697573

1-78969-757-3

OCLC:

1249470892