Role of nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes / Asghar Ghasemi, Khosrow Kashfi, and Zahra Bahadoran.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Ghasemi, Asghar, author.

Kashfi, Khosrow, author.

Bahadoran, Zahra, author.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Type 2 diabetes--Alternative treatment.

Type 2 diabetes.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (386 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Singapore : Bentham Science Publishers, [2022]

Summary:

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. No effective treatments are available for T2D, although there have been many developments in the therapeutic arena. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endocrine agent with multiple and important biological roles in most mammalian tissues. NO has emerged as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in T2D. Several of the pharmaceuticals used in T2D affect the NO system and perhaps even more so by the drugs we use to treat diabetic cardiovascular complications. Experimental works in animal models of T2D show promising results with interventions aimed to increase NO signaling. However, translation into human studies has so far been less successful, but more large-scale prolonged studies are clearly needed to understand its role. This book is a collection of reviews that deal with the role of nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes, providing a unique overview of NO signaling, and pointing out key areas for more detailed research. The book includes contributions about the pathophysiology of T2D, a brief history of discovery and timeline of NO research, a comprehensive overview of impaired NO metabolism in T2D, precursors of NO (i.e., L-arginine, L-citrulline, nitrate, nitrites, and NO donors), NO and T2D from genetic points of view, NO and diabetic wound healing, NO and osteoporosis, NO and hyperuricemia, NO and Alzheimer's Disease, therapeutic applications of NO and NO donors in T2D. The compilation is of great value to anyone interested in the biochemistry of NO and its relationship to diabetes.

Contents:

Intro

Title

Copyright

License

Contents

Foreword

Preface

REFERENCES

List of Contributors

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes: A General Overview of Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis

Asghar Ghasemi1,* and Khosrow Kashfi2

INTRODUCTION

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETES

Diagnosis of Diabetes

Glucose Homeostasis

Post-Absorptive State: The Fasting State

Glucose Production

Glucose Utilization

Post-Prandial State

Mechanisms Underlying Glucose Homeostasis

Central Mechanisms of Glucose Homeostasis

Glucose Sensing by Neurons

Peripheral Mechanisms of Glucose Homeostasis

INSULIN

Insulin Secretion

Mechanism of Insulin Secretion

Box 1 Circulating Insulin Concentrations

Box 2 Technical Considerations on Circulating Insulin Measurement

Insulin Signaling Pathways

Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin Resistance

β-cell Dysfunction

CONCLUDING REMARKS

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Nitric oxide: A Brief History of Discovery and Timeline of its Research

HISTORY OF NO FIELD

Diabetes-Related No Research

Impaired Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes: At a Glance

Zahra Bahadoran1, Mattias Carlström2, Parvin Mirmiran3 and Asghar Ghasemi4,*

ROLE OF NO IN GLUCOSE AND INSULIN HOMEOSTASIS

T2D AND WHOLE-BODY NO METABOLISM

NO DEFICIENCY IN T2D

T2D and Circulating NO: an Epidemiologic Point of View

Underlying Mechanisms of Impaired NO Metabolism/Action in T2D

Impaired L-Arginine NOS-NO Pathway

Impaired NO3-NO2-NO Pathway

Impaired NO Transport

Impaired NO Signaling

CONFLICT OF INTEREST.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

CONSENT OF PUBLICATION

Asymmetrical Dimethyl Arginine, Nitric Oxide, and Type 2 Diabetes

ADMA BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM

Adma and Regulation of No Synthesis

Cellular Uptake of ADMA

Inhibitory Effects of ADMA on NOS Expression and Activity

Adma and T2d

DDAH and T2D: Lessons from Genetic Studies

Plasma and Tissue Concentrations of ADMA in T2D

Plasma ADMA Levels and Risk of Diabetic Complications

Other Methylarginines and T2d

Pharmaceutical Interventions for Elevated Adma

Nitric Oxide-Related Oral Microbiota Dysbiosis in Type 2 Diabetes

Zahra Bahadoran1, Pedro González-Muniesa2,3,4,5, Parvin Mirmiran1,6 and Asghar Ghasemi7

AN OVERVIEW OF ORAL MICROBIOTA

Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria

Oral Nitrate Reduction and Nitric Oxide Homeostasis

Changes in Oral Microbiota in T2d

Mechanisms Linking Oral Dysbiosis with Impaired Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis

Oral Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria and Nitric Oxide Metabolism in T2d

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Nitric Oxide and Type 2 Diabetes: Lessons from Genetic Studies

Zahra Bahadoran1, Parvin Mirmiran2, Mattias Carlström3 and Asghar Ghasemi4,*

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF NOS ENZYMES: GENE STRUCTURE AND CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION

Genetically-Modified Nos Enzymes and Impaired Glucose and Insulin Homeostasis

Common Polymorphisms of Nos Enzymes

Common Polymorphisms of nNOS and iNOS

Common Polymorphisms of eNOS

The eNOS Polymorphisms and Serum NO Metabolites.

The Enos Polymorphisms and Development of Insulin Resistance

The Enos Polymorphisms and Development of T2d

The Enos Polymorphisms and T2d Complications

Role of Nitric Oxide in Diabetic Wound Healing

Hamideh Afzali1, Tara Ranjbar2, Khosrow Kashfi2 and Asghar Ghasemi1,*

Types of Wound

Pathophysiology of Diabetic Foot Ulcer

Peripheral Neuropathy

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)

PHASES OF WOUND HEALING

Hemostasis (Coagulation)

Inflammation

Proliferation

Tissue Remodeling

CHANGES IN HEALING PHASES IN DIABETIC WOUNDS

Nitric Oxide Synthesis in the Skin

Expression of NOS Isoforms in the Skin

NOS-Independent NO Synthesis in the Skin

The Role of Surface Bacteria in Skin Production of NO

UVA Radiation and NO Production

NO AND WOUND HEALING

NO Metabolites as an Index of Wound NO

Role of NO different Phases of Wound Healing

Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

Re-epithelialization

NO AND DIABETIC WOUND HEALING

Role of NO Different Phases of Diabetic Wound Healing

NO AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR DIABETIC WOUND

L-arginine

Regulation of NOS Expression

Acidified Nitrite

NO Donor Systems

Role of Nitric Oxide in Type 2 Diabetes-Induced Osteoporosis

Nasibeh Yousefzadeh1, Sajad Jeddi1, Khosrow Kashfi2 and Asghar Ghasemi1,*

NITRIC OXIDE AND BONE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

NOS Expression in the Bone Cells

TYPE 2 DIABETES AND BONE INDICES

Type 2 Diabetes and BMD

Type 2 Diabetes and Trabecular and Cortical Bone Microarchitectures

Type 2 Diabetes and Bone Cells

Bone No Bioavailability in Type 2 Diabetes.

BONE REMODELING

Bone Remodeling in Type 2 Diabetes: Role of NO

NITRIC OXIDE-BASED TREATMENT OF DIABETOPOROSIS

Possible Strategies for Nitric Oxide-based Treatment of Diabetoporosis

Hyperuricemia, Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance: Role of Nitric Oxide

Zahra Bahadoran1, Parvin Mirmiran1,2, Khosrow Kashfi3,4 and Asghar Ghasemi5,*

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF URIC ACID METABOLISM AND FUNCTION

Uric Acid Synthesis In Human: Role Of Xor

Regulation of Circulating Uric Acid Levels

Physiologic Roles of Normal Uric Acid Levels

Pathological Effects of Hyperuricemia

HYPERURICEMIA, T2D AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

Epidemiological Evidence

Experimental and Clinical Evidence

Underlying Mechanisms Connecting UA to Insulin Resistance and T2D

Role of No in Hyperuricemia-Induced Dysglycemia and Insulin Resistance

Therapeutic Management of Type 2 Diabetes: The Nitric Oxide Axis

Tara Ranjbar1, Jennifer L. O'Connor1,2 and Khosrow Kashfi1,3,*

BIGUANIDES

General Mechanism of Action

Metformin and Its Nitric Oxide Connection

THIAZOLIDINEDIONES

Thiazolidinediones and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

SULFONYLUREAS

Sulfonylurea and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

MEGLITINIDES

Meglitinides and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE-4 (DPP-4) INHIBITORS

DPP-4 Inhibitors and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) AGONISTS

General Mechanism of Action.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS

Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

SODIUM-GLUCOSE CO-TRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITORS (SGLT2) INHIBITORS

SGLT2 Inhibitors and Their Nitric Oxide Connection

NITRATE-NITRITE-NO PATHWAY: A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR T2D?

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Brain Insulin Resistance, Nitric Oxide and Alzheimer's Disease Pathology

Zhe Pei1, Kuo-Chieh Lee1, Amber Khan1,2 and Hoau-Yan Wang1,2,*

INSULIN RECEPTOR SIGNALING AND ITS INTERACTION WITH NO SYSTEM

The Inter-Relationship between Brain Insulin Signaling and Memory/Cognitive Performance

The Role of No in Brain Insulin Resistance and Cognitive Performance

Arginine, Nitric Oxide, and Type 2 Diabetes

Parvin Mirmiran1,2, Zahra Bahadoran1, Khosrow Kashfi3 and Asghar Ghasemi4,*

PLASMA ARG FLUX

Arginine Biosynthesis Pathways

Arginine Catabolic Pathways

Arginase and Urea Production

Arg and NO Production

Intracellular Arg Pools and NO Production

Pharmacokinetics of Arg

ARG, INSULIN RESISTANCE, AND T2D

Changes in Arg Metabolism and Pathophysiology of T2D

Arg Supplementation in T2D

Arg Supplementation in Metabolic Syndrome and its Components

Doses of Arg Supplementation

Citrulline, Nitric Oxide, and Type 2 Diabetes

CIT BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAYS.

Intestinal Biosynthesis of Cit.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references.

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

ISBN:

981-5079-81-6

OCLC:

1369637554