An update on SARS-CoV-2 : damage-response framework potential therapeutic avenues and the impact of nanotechnology on COVID-19 therapy / Pankaj Kumar Singh [and three others].

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Singh, Pankaj Kumar, author.

Series:

Frontiers in Inflammation Ser

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

COVID-19 (Disease).

Physical Description:

1 online resource (301 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Singapore : Bentham Science Publishers, [2022]

Summary:

This update on SARS-CoV-2 focuses on basic knowledge about the virus and COVID-19 treatment. Chapters present basic information about the disease and its treatment. The virology, epidemiology, etiology, and damage response framework of SARS-CoV-2 are also discussed in detail. The book also covers recent topics of interest to pharmacology scholars such as the immunopathogenesis of SARS-CoV2, nanotechnology, repurposed drug treatments, COVID-19 vaccines, and phytomedicine for COVID-19 therapeutics. Readers in pharmacology, virology and medicine will find the book a simple, yet informative update on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 treatment.

Contents:

Cover

Title

Copyright

End User License Agreement

Contents

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

COVID -19 Overview

Anitha Sriram1, Pravin Medtiya1, Srushti Mahajan1, Rahul Kumar2, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri2, Shashi Bala Singh2, Jitender Madan1 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

INTRODUCTION

ORIGIN OF SARS-COV-2

RESERVOIR OF SARS-COV-2

GENOME SEQUENCE

MAJOR EVENTS IN THE TIMELINE OF THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK

REPORTED CONFIRMED CASES, DEATH CASES, AND CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR) OF COVID-19

TYPES OF CORONAVIRUSES AND THEIR OUTBREAK IMPACT

Coronavirus

Taxonomy of Coronavirus

CoronaVirus

FACTS OF FATALLY POTENTIAL BETA CORONAVIRUSES

CONCLUSION

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Virology of SARS-CoV2

Anitha Sriram1, Ravindra Vasave1, Indrani Maji1, Rahul Kumar2, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri2, Shashi Bala Singh2, Neelesh K. Mehra1 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

DETAILED VIROLOGY OF SARS-COV-2

Size and Content

GENOMIC RNA OF SARS-COV-2

NSPs Role in 2019-nCoV

Structural Proteins

Envelope Protein (E)

Membrane Glycoprotein/matrix Glycoprotein (M)

Nucleocapsid Protein (N)

Spike (S) Protein

Two Subunits S1 and S2 of the Spike Protein

DETAILED COMPOSITION OF TWO SUBUNITS OF 'S' PROTEIN AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

S1 Subunit

S2 Subunit

COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF S1 SUBUNIT

Components of S1 Subunit

BOUNDARY BETWEEN S1 SUBUNIT AND S2 SUBUNIT (S1/S2')

FUNCTIONS OF S1 SUBUNITS

WHY THE HACE-2 RECEPTOR HAS MORE AFFINITY WITH 2019-NCOV IN COMPARISON TO SARS-COV?

STABILIZATION OF VIRUS-BINDING HOTSPOTS ON HACE2 BY 2019-NCOV

ROLE OF THIOL-DISULFIDE INTERCHANGES IN THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN 'S' PROTEIN AND HACE2

COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF S2 SUBUNIT

Components of S2 Subunit

FP

HR1 and HR2.

FUNCTIONS OF S2 SUBUNIT

SIMILARITY PERCENTAGE (IN TERM OF AMINO ACID SEQUENCE) OF 2019-NCOV WITH THE OTHER COVS

SARS-COV-2 Ingress - Triggering COVID-19 Infection

Anitha Sriram1, Yojana Bhor1, Srushti Mahajan1, Rahul Kumar2, Saurabh Srivastava1, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri2, Shashi Bala Singh2 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

ENTRYWAYS OF 2019-NCOV INTO THE HOST CELL

Priming of TMPRSS2 Associated Cleavage for the Fusion of Virus

Endocytosis

Furin Mediated Viral Entry

ROLE OF HOST CELL PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE ON 'S' PROTEIN OF SARS-COV-2

TMPRSS2 Role for the Fusion of SARS-COV2

Furin Mediated Proteolytic Cleavage at S1/S2 Frontier

Other Proteases Involved in the Functioning of Activated Spike Protein

WHY VIRAL IMMUNE EVASION IS SEEN IN COVID-19?

Pre-fusion and Post-fusion Conformational States of 2019-nCoV Spike Protein

Role of SPs, NSPs, and Orfs of 2019-nCoV in Host Immune Evasion (Host IFN Response)

Role of Viral VSR (Viral Suppressors of RNA) in Host Immune Evasion

HOW 'S' PROTEIN OF 2019-NCOV IS ACCOUNTABLE FOR VIRUS WIDESPREAD?

MUTATIONS OF SARS-COV-2 AND EMERGENCE OF SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS

SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Alpha Variant

Beta Variant

Gamma Variant

Delta and Kappa Variants

A New Variant of SARSCOV2 Called "Omicron" Emerging

Genomic Variant Analysis Study

Danger Magnitude Levels of Emerging 2019-nCoV Variants

Epidemiology of COVID-19

LIFE CYCLE OF 2019-NCOV

Adsorption.

Penetration Step Or Fusion Step

Uncoating Step

Replication

Transcription

INCUBATION TIME

HOW SARS-COV2 SPREADS?

Person to Person

Airborne Transmission

Fecal Contamination

Fomite Transmission (Contaminated Objects and Surfaces)

Mass Gatherings

Mother to the Baby in Pregnancy Condition

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF COVID-19 DISEASE

Clinical Symptoms of Mild COVID-19 Disease

Symptoms During the Severity of Disease

Complications of Very Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Asymptomatic COVID-19

HIGH RISK OF COVID-19 INFECTION

COVID-19 IN CHILDREN

CASE FATALITY RATE (CFR IN %) OF COVID-19

Recovery Rate

DIAGNOSIS

Radiology Findings

Laboratory Findings in COVID-19

Serological Findings

Immunopathological Findings

Mild COVID-19 Infection

Severe COVID-19 Infection

Hematological Changes

Immunological Marker to Assess Severity

Autopsy Pathological Findings

Pulmonary Findings

Blood

COVID-19 PREVENTION

Etiology of COVID-19

Anitha Sriram1, Balram Prajapati1, Srushti Mahajan1, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri2, Shashi Bala Singh2, Saurabh Srivastava1 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

STAGES OF COVID-19

Healthy Individual

STAGES OF COVID-19 INFECTION IN DETAIL

Mild COVID-19 Infection: First Stage of Infection

Clinical Signs

Level of Care

Moderate Type of COVID-19 Infection: Second Stage of Infection

Host's Innate Immune System Consequences Lead To The Progression of COVID-19

Host's Adaptive Immune System Consequences Leading To Progression of COVID-19

Cytotoxic Action of 2019-nCoV on Host Immune Cells

Severe Type of COVID-19 Infection: Third Stage of Infection

Exuberant Cytokine Storm.

Enhanced Vascular hyper-Permeability

Diffuse Alveolar Damage (DAD)

Severe Pneumonia

ARDS

Acute Lung Injury (ALI)

Cause for ALI

Complement Activation

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Critically Ill COVID-19 Infection: Fourth Stage of Infection

Hyper-inflammation Additionally Causes SIRS

SIRS Lead to Septic Shock

Multiple Organ Failure (MOF)

Acute COVID-19 Cardiovascular Syndrome (ACovCS)

Liver Damage

Renal Damage

Ocular Damage

GIT Damage

Olfactory Nerve (Brain) Damage

ADE (Antibody-Dependent Enhancement)

CLINICAL SIGNS

LEVEL OF CARE

BIOMARKERS IN TESTING COVID-19 SEVERITY

Hematological Biomarkers

Biochemical Markers

Coagulation Biomarkers

Inflammatory Biomarkers

Potential New Biomarkers

Damage Response Framework of COVID-19

Anitha Sriram1, Pravin Medtiya1, Srushti Mahajan1, Indrani Maji1, Rahul Kumar2 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

PATHOGENIC EVENTS

DIRECT CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF 2019-NCOV ON HOST TARGET CELL

The Fate of 2019-nCoV and its Interaction with the Host

Viral Infection Triggering

DOWNREGULATION OF HACE2 AND DYSREGULATION OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) IN HOST BODY

When 2019-nCoV Decreases the hACE2 Expression in Lungs and Airways

B0AT1

When 2019-nCoV Drops off the hACE2 Expression in the Intestine

ENDOTHELIAL CELL DAMAGE AND THROMBOINFLAMMATION

DYSREGULATION OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE

CSS

Consequences of CSS in COVID-19 Patients

ALI

DIC

Septic Shock and MOF

PROPOSED FACTS BEHIND THE CAUSE OF CSS

Reduced hACE2

Maladaptive Host Inflammatory Response

Lymphocytopenia

Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS).

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

Viral Components

Inhibition of IFN Signaling by 2019-nCoV

High Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratios (NLR)

Elevated Levels of Extremely pro-inflammatory Th17 Cells That Trigger CSS

Role of Interleukins like IL-6 and IL-17 Causing CSS in COVID-19 Patients

IL-6 Role

IL-17 Role

INFLAMMATORY OR IMMUNOLOGICAL MECHANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH COVID-19 DISEASE

Drug Repurposing Studies in the Progress to Combat COVID-19

Anitha Sriram1, Pravin Medtiya1, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri2, Shashi Bala Singh2, Jitender Madan1 and Pankaj Kumar Singh1,*

DRUG REPURPOSING

SELECTION OF DRUG CANDIDATES FOR DRUG REPURPOSING TO COMBAT COVID-19 PANDEMIC

WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION) SOLIDARITY TRIAL

Remap-CAP

Recovery

CURRENT THERAPIES USED IN THE TREATMENT OF COVID-19

PREVENTION OF ATTACHMENT OF VIRUS TO THE TARGET CELL HACE2

Soluble hACE2

Soluble Recombinant Human ACE2 Protein (hrsACE2)

Nicotianamine and Glycyrrhizin

Dutasteride

PREVENTION OF VIRUS FUSION WITH HOST CELL

Umifenovir (Arbidol™)

Cathepsin L/B Inhibitor

Trypsin Inhibitors

TMPRSS2 Protease Inhibitors

Camostat Mesylate

Nafamostat Mesylate

Glecaprevir and Maraviroc

PHYTOCHEMICALS THAT MIGHT FIND ACTIVE AGAINST 2019-NCOV

Terpenes and Lignans

Bromhexine

PREVENTION OF VIRAL GENOME REPLICATION

RNA Synthesis Inhibitors

Ribavirin

Remdesivir (RDV)

Favipiravir

Protease Inhibitors

Lopinavir/ritonavir

Darunavir

Danoprevir

Oseltamivir

ANTI-MALARIAL THERAPY

Chloroquine/Hydroxy Chloroquine (HCQ)/Chloroquine Phosphate (CQP)

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY THERAPY

Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSS) Reducing Drugs and Approaches

Azithromycin.

JAK (Janus and kinases) Inhibitors: Both IL-6 and IL-7 Inhibitors.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9789815039863

9815039865

OCLC:

1344540223