Global change and future earth : the geoscience perspective / edited by Tom Beer, Jianping Li, Keith Alverson.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Beer, Tom, editor.

Li, Jianping, editor.

Alverson, Keith, editor.

Series:

Special publications of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics series ; 3.

Special publications of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics series ; 3

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Earth science--Research.

Earth science.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (xvi, 414 pages) : digital, PDF file(s).

Place of Publication:

Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2018.

Summary:

Global Change and Future Earth is derived from the work of several programs of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). It demonstrates how multi- and inter-disciplinary research outputs from the geoscience community can be applied to tackle the physical and societal impacts of climate change and contribute to the Future Earth programme of the International Council for Science. The volume brings together an international team of eminent researchers to provide authoritative reviews on the wide-ranging ramifications of climate change spanning eight key themes: planetary issues; geodetic issues; the Earth's fluid environment; regions of the Earth; urban environments; food security; and risk, safety and security; and climate change and global change. Covering the challenges faced by urban and rural areas, and in both developed and developing counties, this volume provides an important resource for a global audience of graduate students and researchers from a broad range of disciplines, as well as policy advisors and practitioners.

Contents:

Cover

Half-title

Series information

Title page

Copyright information

Contents

Contributors

Preface

Objectives

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Part I Future Earth and Planetary Issues

1 International Drivers to Study Climatic and Environmental Change: A Challenge to Scientific Unions

1.1 Climatic Change

1.2 International Political Drivers in Relation to Climate Change

1.3 International Inter-Governmental Drivers

1.3.1 The Work of the IPCC

1.3.1.1 Special Reports

1.4 Other International Drivers

1.5 The International Scientific Response

1.6 The Role of Scientific Unions

1.7 Sustainability

1.7.1 Quantifying Sustainability

1.7.2 The Role of Geodesists and Geophysicists

1.7.3 Neo-Cornucopianism and Malthusianism

1.7.3.1 Food

1.8 Gaps

1.9 Summary

1.9.1 Develop a New Body - Either by Merger or by Creation of a New Body

1.9.2 Collaborate with Like-Minded Individuals

1.9.3 Develop a New Program

Internet Resources

References

2 Future Earth and Expected Mega Changes

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Observed Changes in the Climate System

2.3 Future Climate and Expected Mega Changes

2.3.1 Expected Future Changes in the Earth's Environment in Some Future Years

2.4 What Are Mega Changes?

2.4.1 Increased Displacement of People

2.4.1.1 Widespread Drought and Undermined Food Security

2.4.1.2 Increased Poverty and Hunger

2.4.1.3 National Security Implications

2.4.2 Reduced Surface and Groundwater Resources, Water Crisis

2.4.2.1 Melting of Himalayan Glaciers

2.4.3 Increased Extreme Events

2.4.4 Irreversible Changes

2.4.4.1 Warmer Temperatures

2.4.4.2 Sea-Level Rise

2.4.4.3 Changing Geography

2.4.4.4 Ocean Acidification

2.4.4.5 Extinction of Species

2.4.4.6 Loss of Amazon Rain Forest

2.4.4.7 Reduced Permafrost Extent.

2.4.4.8 Exacerbated Human Health Problem

2.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

3 Global Change, Space Weather, and Climate

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Sun and the Heliosphere

3.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth

3.4 Interaction between the Sun and the Earth's Magnetic Field

3.5 Space Weather Effects on Technology

3.6 The Climate System

3.7 Sun-Climate Relationship

3.8 Conclusions

4 Climate Issues from the Planetary Perspective and Insights for the Earth

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The Terrestrial Planets

4.2.1 The Current Climate of Venus and Contrast with Earth

4.2.2 Current Climate of Mars Compared to Earth

4.2.3 Early Climates of Earth, Mars and Venus

4.2.4 Common Evolutionary Processes

4.3 Titan

4.3.1 An Earth-Like World in the Outer Solar System

4.3.2 Seasonal Effects and Meteorology at 10 AU

4.4 Space Weather in the Solar System

4.4.1 Planetary Space Weather Agents, Analogy and Contrast with Earth

4.4.2 The Significant Role of the Sun in Space Weather at the Terrestrial Planets

4.4.3 Space Weather Phenomena in the Outer Solar System

4.5 Conclusions: Implications from Planetary Studies for Future Earth Climate

Part II Future Earth and Geodetic Issues

5 Satellite Remote Sensing of Hydrological Change

5.1 Introduction - Monitoring the Water Balance

5.2 The Panta Rhei Scientific Decade of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences: Change in Hydrology and Society

5.3 The Water Balance under Human Impact

5.3.1 Reducing Uncertainty of Water Budget through Hydrological Modelling

5.3.2 Reducing Uncertainty of Water Budget through Improved Monitoring

5.4 Monitoring Water Balance Components by Satellite Missions

5.4.1 Monitoring Water Storage: The GRACE Missions.

5.4.2 Monitoring Water Levels and Surface Discharges: The SWOT Mission

5.4.3 Monitoring Soil Moisture: The SMOS and SMAP Missions

5.4.4 Monitoring Precipitation: The TRMM and GPM Missions

5.4.5 Monitoring Evaporation: The Terra (CERES, MODIS) Mission

5.5 Concluding Remarks

6 Geodetic Observations as a Monitor of Climate Change

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Shape of the Earth

6.3 The Earth's Gravity Field

6.3.1 Satellite Gravity

6.3.2 SatelliteLaser Ranging

6.3.3 GRACE Satellite Gravimetry

6.4 Earth Rotation

6.5 Conclusions

Part III Future Earth and the Earth's Fluid Environment

7 Future Earth and the Cryosphere

7.1 Ice and Snow on Earth

7.2 Past Climate and Sea Level Change Involving the Cryosphere

7.3 Ice, Solid Earth and Sea-Level Interactions

7.4 Current Changes to Ice Sheets

7.5 Current Changes to Glaciers

7.6 Projected Future Changes to the Cryospheric Contribution to Sea Level Rise

7.7 Techniques, Systems and Networks to Assess Cryospheric Change on Future Earth

7.8 Concluding Remarks

Appendix 1

8 Geographical Research and Future Earth

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Geography and Global Environmental Change

8.3 Human Impact on the Environment: Past, Present and 'Post-Holocene'

8.4 Hazards, Risks and Disasters

8.5 Remote Sensing and GIS

8.6 Steps to Sustainability?

8.7 The Future of Future Earth and Geography?

9 Water Security: Integrating Lessons Learned for Water Quality, Quantity and Sustainability

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 Defining Water Security

9.1.2 Case Study Template

Arsenic Case Study

Pesticide Use and Biodiversity Case Study

Nitrate Case Study

9.2 Future Directions

9.3 Conclusions

References.

10 Decadal Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction in North Atlantic and Global Warming Hiatus

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Data and Methodology

10.2.1 Data

10.2.2 Statistical Method

10.2.3 Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM)

10.3 The Decadal-Scale Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mode: The NAT-NAO-AMOC-AMO (NNAA) Mode

10.3.1 Dominant Modes of SSTA Multidecadal Variability

10.3.2 The Direct Effect of the NAT on the NAO

10.3.3 The NAO Forcing on the AMOC and AMO

10.3.4 The Negative Feedback of the AMO on the NAT

10.3.5 A Mechanism of Multidecadal Variability in the North Atlantic

10.4 The Impact of the NNAA Decadal Coupled Mode on the Recent Warming Hiatus in the NHT

10.5 Conclusion

11 Sea Level Rise and Future Earth

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Observations of Recent-Past and Present-Day Sea Level Variations

11.2.1 Twentieth Century

11.2.2 Satellite Altimetry Era

11.3 Causes of Present-Day Sea Level Rise

11.3.1 Steric Sea Level

11.3.2 Land Ice Contribution to Sea Level

11.3.2.1 Glaciers

11.3.2.2 Ice Sheets

11.3.3 Land Water Storage

11.4 Global Mean Sea Level Budget (Altimetry Era)

11.5 Regional Variability in Sea Level

11.6 Human-Induced versus Internal Climate Variability Influence on Sea Level Change

11.7 Future Sea Level Changes

11.8 Current Challenges from a Geophysical Perspective

11.9 Conclusion

12 Ocean Circulation: Knowns and Unknowns

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Abrupt Climate Changes during the Last Glacial and Related AMOC Changes

12.3 Deglaciation and the Evolution of the Deep Atlantic Ocean Circulation since the Last Glacial Maximum

12.4 Changes in Ocean Circulation Associated with Global Warming

12.5 Summary

Part IV Future Earth and Regions.

13 Asian Groundwater Perspectives on Global Change and Future Earth

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Subsurface Environmental Changes Due to Urbanization in Asian Megacities

13.3 Subsurface Warming Due to Global Warming and Urbanization in Asia

13.4 Land-Ocean Interaction and Loads from Land to the Ocean in Asia

13.5 Groundwater Depletion in Asia

13.6 Transformation toward Sustainable Water Use in Asia

13.7 Conclusion

14 Africa's Broken Food Systems: Unravelling the Hidden Fortune under Climate Change

14.1 Background and Current Status of Affairs

14.2 Potentials for Agricultural Transformation

14.3 Solutions I - Key Players and Partnerships

14.4 Solutions II - Climate Action as an Opportunity to Mend Africa's Broken Food Systems

14.4.1 Basis to Leverage Opportunities in the Paris Deal to Actualize Agro-Industrialization

14.4.1.1 Fulfilling the Agenda 2030 and Paris Agreement through Sustainable Agro-Industrialization

14.4.2 Tapping into COP21 Opportunities

14.4.3 The Ecosystems Based Adaptation for Food Security Assembly (EBAFOSA)- Delivery Pathway

14.5 Conclusion

Part V Future Earth and Urban Environments

15 Nutrition, Urban Environments, and Future Earth

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Global Population Size and Projections

15.2.1 What Are the Drivers of These Demographic Changes?

15.3 Food and Nutrition Security in Urban Environments

15.4 Global Nutrition Situation

15.5 Global Nutrition Initiatives

15.6 What Is the Global Burden of Malnutrition?

15.7 Rural/Urban Differentials

15.8 Environmental Effects of Urbanization

15.9 Urbanization and Climate Change

15.10 Future Earth for Sustainable Development

15.11 Conclusions

Color Plates

16 Nutrition Science and Future Earth: Current Nutritional Policy Dilemmas

16.1 Responsibilities.

Notes:

Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 26 Oct 2018).

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-316-77203-9

1-316-76148-7

1-316-77420-1

OCLC:

1060524530