Cardamom [elettaria cardamomum (L) maton] : production, breeding, management, phytochemistry and health benefit / edited by Kaliyaperumal Ashokkumar, Muthusamy Murugan, M.K. Dhanya.

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Murugan, Muthusamy, editor.

Ashokkumar, Kaliyaperumal, editor.

Dhanya, M. K., editor.

Series:

Agriculture Issues and Policies

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Medicinal plants.

Cardamom industry.

Cardamoms.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (348 pages)

Place of Publication:

New York, New York : Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, [2021]

Summary:

"This book, entitled Cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton]: Production, Breeding, Management, Phytochemistry and Health Benefits, contains valuable information about the cardamom. The cultivation, botany, plant breeding, biotechnology, phytochemical analysis, pest and disease management and pesticide residues of cardamom [Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton] are well described. This book also analyzes the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of cardamom that are used to design novel drugs and to increase its value to the food and pharmaceutical industries. The book is aimed at researchers, academicians, pharmacologists, nutritionists, chemists, biotechnologists, and post-graduate and doctoral students involved in related research activities as well as cardamom planters"-- Provided by publisher.

Contents:

Intro

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Acronyms

Chapter 1

History of Land and Agriculture

in the Indian Cardamom Hills

Abstract

Introduction

Importance of Mountain Ecosystem

The Cardamom Hill Reserves (CHR)

Historical and Socio-Political Overview of Early Plantation Agriculture in Cardamom Hills (CH)

Control and Current Status of Lands in the CH

Current Status and Challenges of Intensive Farming

History, Benefits and Risks of Pesticides in Cardamom Ecosystem

Benefits of Pesticides

Risks of Pesticides and Their Residues

Uses on Cardamom

Summary and Conclusion

Disclosure Statement

References

Chapter 2

Cultivation, Harvesting, Processing and Products of Cardamom

Cultivation Practices

Climate and Soil

Varieties/Cultivars

Propagation

Propagation by Seeds

Primary Nursery

Secondary Nursery

Propagation from Suckers

Planting

Weeding

Trashing

Earthing Up

Manuring

Shade

Plant Protection

Pests and Diseases

Harvesting

Pre-Harvest Operations

Post-Harvest Operations

Washing

Pretreatment

Curing

Sun Drying

Artificial Drying

Wood-Fired Dryer

Solar Drying

Electric Drying

Humidity-Controlled Dryer

Use of Biomass Gasifiers

Polishing

Sorting and Grading

Inferior Grades

Packing

Storage

Products of Cardamom

Whole Cardamom

Bleached Cardamom

Cardamom Seeds

Cardamom Powder

Cardamom Volatile Oil

Cardamom Oleoresin

Encapsulated Cardamom Flavor

Other Products

Uses of Cardamom Products

Future Approach

Conclusion

Chapter 3

Plant Breeding Approaches for Cardamom Improvement

Botany

Cytology

Cardamom Types

Botanical Description.

Cardamom Crop Improvement in India

Germplasm Collection and Conservation

Variability of Volatile Oil and Its Constituents in Accessions and Varieties

Objectives for Cardamom Improvement

Plant Breeding Methods for Cardamom Improvement

Clonal Selection

Hybridization

Intervarietal Hybridization

Intergeneric Hybridization

Polycross Breeding

Polyploidy and Mutation Breeding

Micropropagation and Somaclonal Variation

Chapter 4

Biotechnological Applications for Cardamom Improvement

Micropropagation and Plant Regeneration

Protoplast Culture and Genetic Transformation

Molecular Markers And Cardamom Genetic Improvement

Genome and Transcriptome Sequence of Cardamom

Discovery of Genes and MicroRNAs

Conclusion and Future Perspectives

Chapter 5

Pest Complex in Cardamom and Their Management

Major Pests of Cardamom

1. Cardamom Thrips, Sciothrips cardamomi (Ramk.)

Nature of Damage and Symptoms

Biology

Geographic Distribution

Host Plants

Natural Enemies of Cardamom Thrips

Management

IPM Strategies for Cardamom Thrips

2. Shoot and Capsule Borer, Dichocrocis (=Conogethes) Punctiferalis Guen

Natural Enemies of Shoot and Capsule Borer

Integrated Pest Management for Shoot and Capsule Borers

3. Root Grub, Basilepta fulvicorne (Jacoby)

Biology and Bionomics

Alternate Host Plants

Natural Enemies

4. Whitefly, Kanakarajiella cardamom (David and Subramaniam)

Biology and Seasonal Occurrence

Natural Enemies.

Management

5. Root Mealybugs, Pseudococcus sp., Xenococcus annandalei (Silvestri)

6. Lacewing Bug, Stephanitis typicus Dist.

7. Coconut Scale Insect, Aspidiotus destructor (Sign.), Hard Scale, Mytilaspis sp.

8. Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)

9. Shoot fly, Formosina flavipes (Mall.)

10. Aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa (Coq.)

11. Root Knot Nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.

12. Hairy Caterpillars of Cardamom

a) Eupterote canarica (Moore)

b) E. cardamomi (Renga.)

c) E. fabia

d) E. testacea (Wlk.)

e) E. undata

f) Lenodera vittata (Walk.)

g) Euproctis lutifacia (Hamp.)

h) Alphaea biguttatta (Wlk.)

Minor Lepidopteran Pests

1. Jamides alecto

2. Leaf Folder, Homona sp.

3. Giant Moth Caterpillar, Attacus atlas (Linn.)

4. Flower and Pod Borers, Lampides elpis (Godt.)

5. Looper Caterpillars, Eumelia rosalia (Gram.), Anisodes denticulatus (Hmps.), Thalassodes sp.

6. Skipper, Plesioneura alysos

7. Root Borer, Hilarographa caminodes (Meyr.)

8. Bag Worm, Acanthopsyche bipars (Wkl.)

9. Cut Worm, Arcilasisa plagiata (M.)

10. Root Gall Maggot, Hallomyia cardamom (Nayar)

11. Leaf Grub, Lema sp.

12. Rhizome Weevil, Prodioctes heamaticus (Chevr.)

13. Spotted Locust, Aularchis miliaris (L.)

Chapter 6

Diseases of Small Cardamom and Their Management

Fungal Diseases

Capsule Rot/Panicle Rot

Causal Organism

Rhizome Rot/Clump Rot

Fusarium Rot

Foliar Diseases

Chenthal

Symptoms

Leaf Blotch

Sooty Mold

Management.

Cercospora Leafspot

Neopestalotiopsis Leaf Blight

Leaf Rust

New Fungal Pathogens

Phoma sp.

Sarocladium kiliense

Marasmiellus sp.

Bacterial Diseases

Bacterial Wilt

Viral Diseases

Mosaic/Katte Disease of Cardamom

Transmission

Chlorotic Streak

Phytoplasma in Cardamom

Integrated Management of Viral Diseases of Cardamom

Production and Use of Virus Free Planting Material

Early Detection

Avoidance of Volunteers

Movement of Planting Material

Vector Management

Use of Bio-Pesticides

Resistant Cultivars

Chapter 7

Bio-Pesticides for the Management of Pests and Diseases in Cardamom

Cardamom Pest Management Using Bio-Pesticides

Microbial Bio-Pesticides

Bacillus sp.

Lecanicillium (=Verticillium) spp.

Beauveria sp.

Metarhizium sp.

Purpureocillium (=Paecilomyces) sp.

Pochonia (=Verticillium) sp.

Trichoderma sp.

Entomo-Pathogenic Nematodes (EPN)

Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus (NPV)

Macrobials

Predators

Parasitoids

Botanical Bio-Pesticides

Minimum Risk Pesticides

Semiochemicals

Cardamom Disease Management Using Bio-Pesticides

Pseudomonas spp.

Other Parasitic Fungi

Endophytic Microbes

Bio-Fertilizers and Organic Amendments

Chapter 8

Pesticide Residues in Cardamom

Status of Pesticide Residues in Cardamom

Residue Dynamics of Pesticides in Cardamom.

Pesticides Recommended in Cardamom by CIB and RC

Residue Estimation Technique in Cardamom

QuEChERs Method of Residue Extraction and Clean Up

Pesticide Residue Management in Cardamom

Chapter 9

Cardamom as a Source of Biologically Active Compounds: Essential Oil and Biological Activity

Yield of Cardamom Essential Oil (CEO)

CEO Chemical Composition

Pharmacological Properties of CEO

Antioxidant Properties

Antimicrobial Properties

Anticancer Properties

Cytotoxic Properties

Insecticidal Properties

Miscellaneous Activities

Chapter 10

Phytochemical Analysis and Pharmacological Potential of Cardamom

Phytochemical Analysis of Cardamom

Nutritional Composition

Phytochemistry

Chemical Constituents of Cardamom Essential Oils

Pharmacological Activities

Antioxidant Activity

Anticancer Activity

Cytotoxic Activity

Anti-Asthma

Anti-Ulcer Activity

Dermatological Impacts

Hepatic Activity

Platelet Aggregation Property

Anti-Incendiary Impacts

Cardioprotective Effect

In the Prevention of Obesity

Chapter 11

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Cardamom Extracts

Ethnobotany of E. cardamomum

Antimicrobial Activity

Antifungal Activity

Insecticidal Activity

Larvicidal Activity

Molecular Docking Studies E. cardamomum

Chapter 12

Ethnopharmacology and Phytochemistry of Cardamom

Cardamom Capsules, Oils and Its Importance

Folk Medicinal Value of Cardamom

Phytochemistry of Cardamom.

Pharmacological Properties of Cardamom.

Notes:

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN:

1-68507-132-5

OCLC:

1267763057