Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Khan, Tahmeena.

Contributor:

Khan, Abdul Rahman.

Raza, Saman.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Environmental chemistry.

Pollutants--Analysis.

Pollutants.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (295 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Other Title:

Medicinal and Environmental Chemistry

Place of Publication:

Singapore : Bentham Science Publishers, 2021.

Summary:

Bioisosteres are chemical substituents, groups, atoms, or moieties that havesimilar physical and chemical properties, producing analogous biological effects butwith greater impact and potency. Bioisostere replacement is an impactful concept inmedicinal chemistry. Bioisostere replacement is used for attenuation of toxicity,enhancement of the activity of the lead compound, or alterations in pharmacokineticsand toxicity of the lead. This chapter deals with the degradation or minimization ofecotoxic waste through bioisostere replacement. The chapter details bioisostericreplacements for the degradation of eco-hazardous wastes in two ways, i.e., direct wayand indirect way. The direct way involves bioisosteric changes in insecticides, whichdirectly affects the environment, while the indirect way involves bioisostericmodifications in drug molecules to increase their bioavailability and half-life period sothat maximum drug is consumed within the body, providing better efficacy against thedisease and release of a minimum amount of waste into the environment. Thesemodifications prove to be eco-friendly. Some important bioisosteric groups used forreplacement are -fluoro, -deutero, -nitro, -t-butyl, and others. This chapter gives aninsight into the plausible alterations with improved functional groups in bioisosterismto improve the eco-detrimental effects of compounds or drugs.

Contents:

Cover

Title

Copyright

End User License Agreement

Contents

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

Air Pollution and its Impact on Respiratory Health

Surya Kant1,*

INTRODUCTION

MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS

TYPES AND SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION

Primary Air Pollutants

Secondary Air Pollutants

AIR POLLUTION CAN BE OF TWO TYPES

SECOND-HAND SMOKE

PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)

NATIONAL AIR QUALITY INDEX

OZONE (O3)

CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)

NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX)

SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2)

LEAD

IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION ON HEALTH

PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION

STRATEGIES AND SOLUTION

PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANA

PLANTATION

CONCLUDING REMARKS

Suggestions of the Author to Combat Air Pollution

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

REFERENCES

Cytochrome P450 and Health Hazards of Smog

Amber Rizvi1,*

TYPES OF SMOG

HEALTH HAZARDS OF SMOG

CYTOCHROME P450

DISEASES CAUSED BY SMOG AND ITS EFFECT ON CYPS

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Mechanism of Cardiotoxicity of Air Pollutants

Role of CYPs in MIs

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

CYPs and COPD

Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)

CYPs and Atopic Dermatitis

Coughing

CYPs and Coughing

Experimental Work Done on CYP

Pharmaceutical and Modelling Interventions for Environmental Pollution Related Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Tahmeena Khan1, Alfred J. Lawrence2, Iqal Azad1, Shalini Dixit3,* and Saman Raza2

INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR INITIATION AND MODULATION

COPD AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH COMMON AIR POLLUTANTS: A WORLDWIDE PERSPECTIVE

COPD AND ITS STATUS IN INDIA

MECHANISTIC ACTION OF COPD- THE CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL APPROACH.

OXIDATIVE STRESS

PROTEASE-ANTIPROTEASE IMBALANCE

ROLE OF MEDIATORS

DRUG AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT

Tissue and Systematic Inflammation

PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS

Corticosteroids

Bronchodilators

SABA (Short-acting Inhaled Beta-agonists)

SABA &amp

SAMA (Short-acting Muscarinic Antagonist) Combination Bronchodilators

Long-Acting Bronchodilators

Combination Therapies

Combination of Corticosteroids and Long-acting Bronchodilators

Triple Therapy

Combination of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Two Long-acting Bronchodilators (Triple Therapy)

Other Options

Drawbacks and Need for System Medicinal Approach

Simulated Medicinal Modeling and its Significance

COMPUTATIONAL MEDICINAL SIMULATION FOR COPD TREATMENT

Computational Lung Modelling

Multiscale Modelling

Mechanistic Models

Machine Learning Models

Statistical models

COPD and Advancement in Modelling

COPD Progression Modelling

Experimental vs. Computational medicinal modelling

LIMITATIONS AND NEED FOR FUTURE ADVANCEMENT

Arsenic Toxicity of Groundwater and Its Remediation for Drinking Water

Seema Joshi1,*

ESSENTIAL METALS

NON-ESSENTIAL METALS

CONCEPT OF TOXICITY

1. Solubility of the Metal Complexes

2. Oxidation State of the Metal

3. Ligand Attached to the Metal Atom

DETECTION OF METALS

TREATMENT FOR POISONING

ROLE OF METALS IN BIOLOGY

SOURCES OF ARSENIC

POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS TO UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

Districts at High Risk

District at Moderate Risk

MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY

CONSEQUENCES OF TOXICITY

REMEDIATION OF ARSENIC TOXICITY

CHELATING DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF ARSENIC POISONING

1. Dimercaprol (BAL).

2. Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA)

3. 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS)

4. Penicillamine

CHALLENGES OF CHELATION THERAPY

CASE STUDY FOR THE REMOVAL OF ARSENIC

CHEMICALS AND REAGENTS

PREPARATION OF FERRIC HYDROXIDE

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM SPIKED TAP WATER USING FERRIC HYDROXIDE

PREPARATION OF IRON COATED CHARCOAL/SAND

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

CHARCOAL TREATMENT

Iron Coated Charcoal Treatment

Iron Coated Coarse Sand Treatment

DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY

Studies on Polymeric Ceramic Composite Membranes for Water Treatment

Fakhra Jabeen1,*, Qazi Inamur Rahman2 and Miad Ali Siddiq1

WATER POLLUTION

PARAMETERS OF POLLUTION

MAIN SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS

MEMBRANES AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION

Synthetic Membrane

Biological Membrane

Organic Membranes

Inorganic Membrane

Metallic Membranes

Ceramic Membranes

Micro-Porous Memeberanes

Meso-Porous Membranes

Macro Porous Membranes

APPLICATIONS OF CERAMIC MEMBRANES

Chemical Industry

Metal Industry/Surface Engineering

Textiles/Pulp and Paper Industry

Food and Beverages

Recycling and the Environment

POLYETHERSULFONE MEMBRANE CHARACTERISTICS AND ITS TYPES

DESALINATION FOR WATER TREATMENT

TYPES OF DESALINATION PROCESSES

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT DESALINATION PROCESSES

Chemosensors For Anions Of Biological and Environmental Relevance

Shweta Agarwal1,*

Biological Significance of Anions

Important Techniques for Detection of Anions

Ion Chromatography (IC)

Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

Chemosensors.

Optical Chemosensors for Anions

Challenges in Development of Chemosensors

Sensing Mechanisms of Chemosensors

Binding Site-Signalling Subunit Approach

Displacement Approach

Chemodosimeter Approach

Optical (Colourimetric and Fluorescence) Chemosensors for Anions

Optical Anion Sensing by Discrete molecules

Hydrogen Bond Chemosensors

Halogen Bond Chemosensors

Boron Based Lewis Acid Chemosensors

Metal Complexes as Chemosensors

Anion-π Chemosensors

Chemosensors Based on Electrostatic Interactions

Chemodosimeters

Optical Sensing by Molecular Assemblies

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Antibiotic Pollution: Challenges and Strategies

Saman Raza1,* and Tahmeena Khan2

MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS

i. Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

ii. Inhibition of Bacterial Protein Synthesis

iii. Disruption of Cell Membranes

iv. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis

v. Antimetabolite Activity

USES OF ANTIBIOTICS

ANIMAL FARMING

AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES

AQUACULTURE

ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION

EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION

EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION ON HEALTH: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION ON THE ENVIRONMENT

STRATEGIES TO COUNTER ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION AND RESISTANCE

A. Methods for the Reduction of Antibiotic Pollution

1. Removal of Antibiotic Residues from Water

2. Reduction in the Use of Antibiotics

B. Methods to Counter Antibiotic Resistance

1. Adjuvant Therapy

2. Development of New Antibiotics

Analytical Advancement for Pharmaceuticals Quantification in Environmental Matrices.

Anushka Pandey1, Manisha Bhateria1 and Sheelendra Pratap Singh1,*

Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues in the Environment

Sample Preservation

i. Filtration

ii. Non-acidic Preservative Agent

iii. Acidifying Agents

Sample Preparation

i. Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)

ii. Dispersive Liquid-liquid Microextraction (DLLME)

iii. Solid - Phase Extraction (SPE)

iv. Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME)

v. Stir- bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE)

Chromatographic Techniques for Pharmaceuticals Analysis

Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds by Gas Chromatography (GC)

Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds by Liquid Chromatography (LC)

Methods Used for the Analysis of Pharmaceuticals in Different Environmental Analysis

Use of Bioisosteric Functional Group Replacements or Modifications for Improved Environmental Health

Nidhi Singh1,* and Jaya Pandey1

BIOISOSTERISM - DIRECT EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS FOR ANTHRANILIC DIAMIDES

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS AT AROMATIC BRIDGED AMIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUP

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS AT ALIPHATIC AMIDE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS FOR ORGANOCHLORINES

BIOISOSTERISM - INDIRECT EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS FOR DIARYLPYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES

BIOISOSTERIC MODIFICATIONS FOR CARBOHYDRATES

SOME IMPORTANT EXAMPLES OF BIOISOSTERIC FUNCTIONAL GROUP MODIFICATIONS FOR IMPROVED ENVIRONMENT

1. Ivacaftor

2. Tetrabenazine

3. JNJ-38877605

4. SCH-48461

5. Etofenprox

6. Trifluoromethyl Ketone

7. Pulegone

8. Efavirenz

9. Iloprost

10. L-158809

CONFLICT OF INTEREST.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

981-4998-30-3

OCLC:

1285172510