Digital Radiography in Practice.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

Carroll, Quinn B.

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Radiographic Image Enhancement.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted--methods.

Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted.

Technology, Radiologic.

Medical Subjects:

Radiographic Image Enhancement.

Image Processing, Computer-Assisted--methods.

Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted.

Technology, Radiologic.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (235 pages)

Edition:

2nd ed.

Place of Publication:

Springfield, IL : Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Limited, 2023.

Summary:

This book is intended to provide medical radiography programs with an economical textbook that focuses on the practical aspects of digital radiography. In this new second edition by esteemed author Quinn B. Carroll and with content developed in close collaboration with the medical physics community and several reviewers, this is the most accurate information on digital imaging available. Terminology has been updated throughout the textbook to conform with the most recent revisions of the ASRT Radiography Curriculum Guide and the ARRT Radiography Content Specifications. Several new illustrations and helpful tables have been developed to clarify digital concepts. A new table, Operator Adjustments to Digital Image Qualities and Their Primary Controls, beautifully summarizes the effects of leveling, windowing, equalization, edge enhancement, smoothing and noise reduction, while related text reduces dozens of different manufacturers' terms to these basic operations in the table. Material on medical digital fluoroscopy and imaging informatics has been updated, with a continued emphasis on practical application and clinically useful information. Extensive support materials, including slides correlated to a student workbook, labs, comprehensive question banks and answer keys, have all been updated and improved.

Contents:

Intro

DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IN PRACTICE

REVIEWERS

Consulting Physicists

PREFACE

Ancillary Resources

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

CONTENTS

Chapter 1 NATURE OF THE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPH

Objectives

Development of Digital Radiography

Nature of the Digital Image

Digitizing the Analog Image

Bit Depth, Dynamic Range, and Grayscale

What is a Pixel?

Voxels, Dels, and Pixels

Chapter Review Questions

Chapter 2 CREATING THE PROJECTED IMAGE

Overview of Variables

Technical Variables

Geometric Variables

Patient Status

Creating Subject Contrast

X-Ray Interactions

X-Ray Beam Energy

Tissue Thickness

Tissue Density

Tissue Atomic Number

Contrast Agents

Summary of Variables Creating Subject Contrast

Why mAs and SID Do Not Control Subject Contrast in the Latent Image

Role of Radiographic Technique in the Digital Age

Subject Contrast and Spatial Resolution

"Controlling Factors" for the Projected Image

Variables Affecting the Quality of the Final Displayed Radiographic Image

Chapter 3 QUALITIES OF THE DIGITAL RADIOGRAPH

Qualities of the Final Displayed Digital Image

Brightness

Contrast and Grayscale

Measuring Contrast

Noise and SNR

Spatial Resolution (Sharpness)

Shape Distortion

Geometric Magnification

Display Magnification

Qualities of the Projected Image Captured at the Image Receptor

Modulation Transfer Function

Chapter 4 RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE FOR DIGITAL IMAGING

Understanding X-Ray Beam Penetration

Sensitivity of Digital Units to Subject Contrast

Subject Contrast and Exposure Latitude

Use of Grids

Sufficient Input Grayscale

Effect of mAs and kVp on the Displayed Digital Image.

Minimizing Patient Exposure with the 15 Percent Rule

Benefits of High kVp Radiography

Chapter 5 PREPROCESSING AND HISTOGRAM ANALYSIS

The Generic Steps of Digital Image Processing

Preprocessing

Correcting for Del Dropout

Correcting for Mottle

Field Uniformity

Constructing the Histogram

Histogram Analysis

Types of Histogram Analysis

Errors in Histogram Analysis

Chapter 6 RESCALING (PROCESSING) AND PROCESSING DOMAINS

Rescaling the Image

Q Values and the "Permanent" LUT

Physicists' Nomenclature

Digital Processing Domains

Spatial Domain Operations

Intensity Domain Operations

Frequency Domain Operations

Chapter 7 DEFAULT POSTPROCESSING I: GRADATION PROCESSING

Gradation Processing

Data Clipping

Dynamic Range Compression and Equalization

Chapter 8 DEFAULT POSTPROCESSING II: DETAIL PROCESSING

Understanding the Frequency Domain

Frequency Detail Processing

Transition Between Image Domains

Spatial Detail Processing (Kernels)

Preparation for Display

Chapter 9 MANIPULATING THE DIGITAL IMAGE: OPERATOR ADJUSTMENTS

Procedural Algorithms

Windowing

Postprocessing Features

Equalization

Tissue Impression

Smoothing

Edge Enhancement

Summary Table of Operator Adjustments

Background Suppression

Brightness Correction by Region of Interest

Other Postprocessing Features

Chapter 10 MONITORING AND CONTROLLING EXPOSURE

Speed Class and Exposure Indicators

The Deviation Index: Acceptable Parameters for Exposure

Limitations of the DI

Chapter Review Questions.

Chapter 11 DIGITAL IMAGE ACQUISITION

Direct-Conversion DR Detectors

Indirect-Conversion DR Detectors

Computed Radiography (CR)

The CR Reader (Processor)

Background and Scatter Radiation

Characteristics of the Image Acquisition System

Spatial Resolution (Sharpness) of Digital Systems

Hardware Matrices

The "Soft" Matrix of a Light Image

The Pixel Size Formula

Efficiency of Image Receptors

Detective Quantum Efficiency

Fill Factor

Digital Sampling and Aliasing

Aliasing from Grids

Other Digital Artifacts

Chapter 12 DISPLAYING THE DIGITAL IMAGE

The Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitor

LCD Image Quality

Luminance and Contrast

Nature of Display Pixels

Chapter 13 ARCHIVING PATIENT IMAGES AND INFORMATION

Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)

Image Compression

Image Storage and Access

Medical Imaging Informatics

New Developments

Chapter 14 DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY

Image Recording from an Image Intensifier Tube

Dynamic Flat-Panel Detectors

Reducing Patient Dose

Temporal Averaging

Chapter 15 QUALITY CONTROL FOR DIGITAL EQUIPMENT

Monitoring of Digital X-Ray Units

Intrinisic (Dark) Noise

Erasure Thoroughness and "Ghosting"

Spatial Resolution

Monitoring of Electronic Image Display Systems

Maximum Luminance

Luminance Response

Luminance Ratio

Luminance Uniformity

Reflectance and Ambient Lighting

Noise

Resolution

Dead and Stuck Pixels

Other QC Tests

GLOSSARY OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHIC TERMS

REFERENCES

INDEX.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Other Format:

Print version: Carroll, Quinn B. Digital Radiography in Practice

ISBN:

0-398-09413-6