Thermoregulation. Part I : from basic neuroscience to clinical neurology / volume editor, Andrej A. Romanovsky [and four others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Romanovsky, Andrej A., editor.

Series:

Handbook of clinical neurology ; 3rd ser., v. 156.

Handbook of clinical neurology ; volume 156, 3rd series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Body temperature--Regulation.

Body temperature.

Neurosciences.

Neurology.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (498 pages) : illustrations.

Place of Publication:

Amsterdam : Elsevier, [2018]

Summary:

Thermoregulation, Part I: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Neurology, Volume 154, not only reviews how body temperature regulation changes in neurological diseases, but also how this aspect affects the course and outcomes of each disease. Other sections of the volume review three therapeutic approaches that are aimed at manipulating body temperature, including induced hypothermia, induced hyperthermia and antipyretic therapy. The book is comprised of nine sections across two volumes, five dealing with the basic aspects of body temperature regulation and four dealing with the clinical aspects. Basic sections cover the Thermoregulation system, Thermoreceptors, Thermoeffectors, Neural pathways, and Thermoregulation as a homeostatic function.In addition, the book covers the physiology and neuroanatomy of the thermoregulation system and provides descriptions of how the regulation of body temperature intervenes with other physiological functions (such as sleep, osmoregulation, and immunity), stress, exercise and aging. Basic sections serve as an introduction to the four clinical sections: Body Temperature, Clinical Significance, Abnormal Body Temperature, Thermoregulation in Neurological Disease and Therapeutic Interventions.- Presents a clear, logical pathway from the fundamental physiology of thermoregulation, through neurobiology, to clinical applications and disease- Enables researchers and clinicians to better understand the value of temperature measurement in disease and the use of temperature as a therapy- Integrates content from a broad field of research, including topics on the molecular physiology of temperature receptors, to the management of accidental hypothermia

Contents:

Front Cover

Thermoregulation: From Basic Neuroscience To Clinical Neurology, Part I

Copyright

Handbook of Clinical Neurology 3rd Series

Foreword

Preface

Contributors

Contents of Part I

Contents of Part II

Section I: Thermoregulation system

Chapter 1: The thermoregulation system and how it works

Introduction: temperature and life1

Body temperatures

Core temperatures

Shell temperatures

Thermoregulatory effectors

The miscellany of physiologic and behavioral thermoeffectors

Heat exchange between the body and the environment

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Evaporation

Thermoneutrality: a core concept of thermal physiology

Thermoreceptors

Central thermoreceptors

Peripheral thermoreceptors and thermoTRP channels

Neural pathways

Afferent pathways of the physiologic thermoeffector responses

Efferent pathways of autonomic thermoeffector responses

Neural pathways of thermoregulatory behavioral responses

Putting it all together: how body temperature is regulated

Historic concepts of thermoregulation

A centralized control system with a single set point

Why the historic concepts needed revision

The current concept

Independent thermoeffector loops and their coordination

Balance point, not set point

Classification of thermoregulatory states

Fever and anapyrexia

Feedback - main and auxiliary - and feedforward

Different effectors are driven by different temperatures

Meshed control

Applying the new concept: thermopharmacology

The current concept is a consensus concept

The future of the consensus concept

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest

References2

Section II: Thermoreceptors

Chapter 2: Peripheral thermoreceptors in innocuous temperature detection

Introduction.

Cold-sensitive afferent neurons innervating skin

Warm-sensitive afferent neurons innervating skin

Axonal thermosensitivity of thermoreceptive afferent neurons

Functional characteristics of thermosensitive afferents after nerve injury

Thermoreceptive afferent neurons encoding innocuous temperatures deep in the body

Is spinal cord warm sensitivity generated by stimulation of warm-sensitive spinal afferent neurons?

References

Chapter 3: Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous cold sensitivity

Introduction

Behavioral responses to cold temperatures

Human

Properties of cold-sensitive peripheral afferent sensory neurons

The role of Na+ and K+ conductances in cold signaling

Detectors of cold in sensory neurons

A model for the cellular basis of cold sensation

Chapter 4: Molecular basis of peripheral innocuous warmth sensitivity

TRPV1

TRPV3

TRPV4

TRPM2

TRPA1

Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)

P2X3

Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels

Conflicts of interest

Chapter 5: Peripheral and central determinants of skin wetness sensing in humans

Skin wetness as a physiologic variable in human heat balance

Skin wetness as a perceptual variable in behavioral thermoregulation

The missing skin hygroreceptor: skin wetness as a synthetic perception

Peripheral determinants of skin wetness sensing: thermosensory aspects

Peripheral determinants of skin wetness sensing: mechanosensory aspects

Central determinants of skin wetness sensing

A neurophysiologic model for human skin wetness sensing

Conclusions and future developments

Chapter 6: Nociceptors: thermal allodynia and thermal pain

Neural pathways for pain and thermal sensations.

Transduction of heat stimuli by nociceptors

Mechanism of cold transduction

Thermal hyperalgesia and thermal allodynia

Mechanism of heat hyperalgesia

Cold perception and cold allodynia

Molecular mechanisms of cold allodynia and hyperalgesia

Neural plasticity and pathologic pain

Learning from mutations

Treatment of hyperalgesia and allodynia

Conclusions and future directions

Chapter 7: Central thermoreceptors

Preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation

Central thermoreceptors in vitro

Mechanisms of thermosensitivity in central thermoreceptors

Neuromodulation of central thermoreceptors

Neurochemical nature of central thermoreceptors

Acknowledgment

Chapter 8: Molecular basis of central thermosensation

Is there a molecular signature for WSN?

Molecules affecting central thermoregulation

Summary and conclusion

Section III: Thermoeffectors

Chapter 9: Brown adipose tissue as a heat-producing thermoeffector

Measurement of brown-fat-derived heat production in intact animals

Direct methods

Indirect methods

Heat production estimated from oxygen consumption

When is heat produced in brown adipose tissue?

Mammalian neonates

Cold-exposed and cold-acclimated mammals

Hibernators

Fever

In obese animals

Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis is facultative, acutely determined by ucp1 activity

Nervous control of activation

Intracellular events: the production of intracellularly derived substrate for thermogenesis

The uptake of substrate for thermogenesis - increased blood flow

The mechanism of heat production

The mitochondrial events

Brown-fat mitochondria have low ATP synthase capacity

Uncoupling protein-1.

What does UCP1 transport?

The innate inhibition of UCP1 activity

Overcoming the innate inhibition of UCP1 activity (i.e., physiologic activation)

The evolution of UCP1

Brown adipose tissue thermogenic capacity is recruitable, is limited by the amount of ucp1, and can be changed dramatically in

How does brown adipose tissue develop?

The brite/beige adipose tissues

The human perspectives

Is human brown adipose tissue of a different nature than mouse brown adipose tissue?

Suggested alternative acute thermogenic activators

Alternative norepinephrine from macrophages

Centrally administered thyroid hormone and other effectors

Peripheral thyroid hormone

Endogenous PPARγ activators

Natriuretic peptides

Leptin

FGF21

Irisin

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

Retinoic acid

Gut microflora-derived substances

Brown adipose tissue (ucp1-dependent) thermogenesis is the only nonshivering thermogenesis mechanism kn

Alternatives in brown-fat cells

Muscle nonshivering thermogenesis: does it exist?

The other UCPs

Chapter 10: Shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis in skeletal muscles

Methods used to quantify/define shivering and nonshivering thermogenesis

Metabolic measures

Electromyography

Mechanical methods

Visual observation/palpation/subjective sensation

Shivering thermogenesis

Neural circuitry involved in shivering pathways

Spinal circuitry of shivering

Metabolic cost of shivering

Fueling shivering thermogenesis

Nonshivering thermogenesis

Definition

Mitochondrial proton leak

Sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium cycling

Conclusion

Chapter 11: Skin vasoconstriction as a heat conservation thermoeffector

Skin vasoconstriction as a heat conservation thermoeffctor.

Biophysics of heat exchange

Overall neural control of skin blood flow

Vasoconstrictor control mechanisms

Body cooling

Local cooling

Nitric oxide

Adrenergic involvement

Cold-induced vasodilation

Reflex vasoconstriction

Modifications of the reflex responses to whole-body cooling

Environmental cooling

Summary

Chapter 12: Cutaneous active vasodilation as a heat loss thermoeffector

Introduction/Chapter Remarks

Background

Thermoregulation and CAVD importance

Thermal regulation and the heat balance equation

Central integration of thermal cues

Cutaneous Anatomy

Vascular

Neural

Overall Responses to Hyperthermic Challenges

Whole-body heating

Environmental

Mechanisms of active vasodilation

Early evidence for reflex cutaneous vasodilation

The bradykinin hypothesis

Cholinergic co-transmission theory

Vasodilators involved in CAVD

Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

Histamine

Neurokinin receptor-mediated vasodilation

TRPV1 receptors

Prostaglandins

Calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa) and endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs

Summary of the mechanisms of CAVD

Modifiers of CAVD

Whole-body heating and skin temperature

Acute modifiers: circadian rhythm

Acute modifiers: postural influences

Acute modifiers: dynamic exercise

Chronic modifiers: exercise training and heat acclimation

Chronic modifiers: sex steroids

Modifiers: special populations

Aging

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes

Heart failure

Spinal cord injury

Chapter 13: Sweating as a heat loss thermoeffector

The sweat gland

Types of sweat glands

Structure and function

Innervation

Distribution

Sweat secretion and reabsorption.

Sweat composition.

Notes:

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Description based on online resource; title from PDF title page (ebrary, viewed December 3, 2018).

ISBN:

9780444639134

0444639136

9780444639127

0444639128