Narcolepsy : Integrating Basic and Clinical Knowledge.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

BaHammam, Facp.

Contributor:

Sharafkhaneh, Amir.

Pandi-Perumal, M. S. c.

Language:

English

Physical Description:

1 online resource (864 pages)

Edition:

1st ed.

Place of Publication:

Chantilly : Elsevier Science & Technology, 2025.

Summary:

Narcolepsy: Integrating Basic and Clinical Knowledge provides comprehensive coverage of narcolepsy-related topics.The book offers updated, deep coverage of its diagnosis, treatment, and impact on mental health based on the latest research findings and clinical practices.

Contents:

Front Cover

Narcolepsy: Integrating Basic and Clinical Knowledge

Copyright Page

Contents

List of contributors

About the editors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

I. Pathophysiology and neurobiology

1 Understanding sleep in narcolepsy: sleep physiology, neurobiology, and cognitive impairment mechanisms

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Sleep physiology

1.3 Normal sleep architecture

1.4 Sleep stages and their transitions

1.4.1 N1 (Stage 1) sleep

1.4.2 N2 (Stage 2) sleep

1.4.3 N3 (Stage 3) deepest nonrapid eye movement or slow-wave sleep

1.5 Rapid eye movement sleep

1.6 Comparing sleep patterns of normal individuals with patients with narcolepsy

1.7 Brain networks regulating sleep and wakefulness

1.7.1 The concept of "flip-flop" switch

1.7.2 Sleep paralysis and cataplexy

1.8 Brain neurotransmitters in normal sleep and narcolepsy

1.8.1 Memory impairment and cognitive deficits in individuals with narcolepsy

1.9 Impact of narcolepsy on cognitive function

1.10 Conclusion

References

2 Pathophysiology of narcolepsy: genetics and immune system

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Human leukocyte antigen genes and narcolepsy

2.3 Narcolepsy and nonhuman leukocyte antigen immune genes

2.4 Narcolepsy and environmental factors

2.5 Narcolepsy and humoral immunity

2.6 Summary

3 Neurotransmitters, genetics, and animal models in narcolepsy: a comprehensive overview

3.1 The role of neurotransmitters in narcolepsy: a focus on hypocretin/orexin signaling pathways

3.2 The role of immunological and hormonal pathways in narcolepsy

3.2.1 The immune basis of narcolepsy

3.3 Genetic underpinnings narcolepsy

3.4 The role of animal models in understanding narcolepsy

3.5 Common animal models in narcolepsy research

3.5.1 Canine narcolepsy

3.5.2 Rodent narcolepsy.

3.5.2.1 The orexin-/- mouse

3.5.2.2 The OX1R-/- and the OX2R-/- mouse

3.5.2.3 The OX1R/OX2R gene double knockout mouse

3.5.2.4 O/E3 transcription factor KO mice

3.5.3 Transgenic models

3.5.3.1 The orexin/ataxin-3 transgenic mouse

3.5.3.2 The orexin-TTA

TetO diphtheria toxin A mouse

3.5.3.3 OX-tTA

TetO-ChR2(C128S) transgenic mice

3.5.3.4 OX/halorhodopsin transgenic mice

3.5.3.5 OX/archaerhodopsin-3 transgenic mice

3.5.4 Zebrafish narcolepsy

3.6 Implications for treatment and future directions

4 The gut-brain axis in narcolepsy: emerging research on microbiota, diet, and sleep

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The gut microbiota and sleep disorders

4.3 Trends in research about gut microbiota and narcolepsy

4.4 Conclusion

II. Clinical aspects

5 Types of narcolepsy and their symptoms: differential diagnosis and misdiagnosis

5.1 Types of narcolepsies

5.1.1 Type 1 narcolepsy

5.1.2 Type 2 narcolepsy

5.2 Controversies in the diagnosis of type 1 narcolepsy and type 2 narcolepsy

5.3 Phenotyping narcolepsy

5.4 Conclusion

6 Delayed diagnosis of narcolepsy: causes and implications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Epidemiological Insights into diagnostic delays in narcolepsy

6.2.1 Global perspective on diagnostic delay

6.2.2 Improvement in diagnostic delay in recent data

6.2.3 Access to healthcare services and diagnostic delay

6.3 Potential predictors of delayed diagnosis

6.3.1 Age

6.3.2 Cataplexy

6.3.3 Gender

6.4 Symptoms overlap with other disorders and prior misdiagnoses of patients with narcolepsy

6.4.1 Diagnostic delays and misdiagnosis trends

6.4.2 Comparative studies and misdiagnosis rates

6.4.3 Comorbidity and symptom complexity

6.4.4 Sleep disorders and narcolepsy overlap.

6.4.5 Diagnostic challenges in pediatric narcolepsy

6.4.6 Logistical and diagnostic limitations

6.5 Diagnostic delay and clinical implications

6.5.1 Clinical and personal consequences of delayed diagnosis

6.5.2 Educational challenges

6.5.3 Economic and societal impacts

6.6 Conclusion

7 Diagnostic tools for narcolepsy: sleep studies, multiple sleep latency test, and more

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Overview of American Academy of Sleep Medicine diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy

7.2.1 Narcolepsy type 1

7.2.2 Narcolepsy type 2

7.2.3 Updates in the 2024 pediatric guidelines include

7.3 Emerging roles of CSF hypocretin-1 measurement in narcolepsy diagnosis

7.4 Polysomnography

7.4.1 Role of polysomnography in narcolepsy diagnosis

7.4.2 Typical polysomnography findings in narcolepsy

7.4.3 Specific rapid eye movement sleep changes in narcolepsy

7.4.4 Limitations of polysomnography alone for diagnosis

7.5 Multiple sleep latency test

7.5.1 Purpose and procedure of multiple sleep latency test

7.5.2 Diagnostic criteria for narcolepsy based on multiple sleep latency test results

7.5.3 Pediatric considerations

7.5.4 Preparation for the multiple sleep latency test

7.5.5 Factors affecting multiple sleep latency test reliability

7.6 Daytime continuous polysomnography

7.7 Actigraphy

7.7.1 Limitations of actigraphy for narcolepsy diagnosis

7.8 Screening scales for narcolepsy

7.8.1 Ullanlinna Narcolepsy Scale

7.8.2 Swiss Narcolepsy Scale

7.8.3 Epworth Sleepiness Scale

7.8.4 Narcolepsy Severity Scale

7.8.5 The Pediatric Hypersomnolence Survey

7.8.6 Challenges and opportunities in the use of Narcolepsy Screening Scales

7.9 Emerging technologies and artificial intelligence

7.9.1 Wearables

7.9.2 Pupillometry as a potential biomarker for sleepiness.

7.9.3 Home sleep testing for narcolepsy diagnosis: current limitations

7.9.4 Machine learning in narcolepsy diagnosis

7.9.5 Utilizing AI in phenotyping narcolepsy and hypersomnolence disorders

7.10 Diagnostic approach

7.11 Conclusion

8 Narcolepsy in children and adolescents: diagnosis, management, and challenges

8.1 Medical history

8.2 Physical exam

8.3 Diagnostic testing

8.3.1 Sleep diary and actigraphy

8.3.2 Overnight polysomnography

8.3.3 Multiple sleep latency test

8.4 Laboratory testing and imaging

8.4.1 Hypocretin testing

8.4.2 HLA typing

8.4.3 Neuroimaging

8.5 Psychological, psychiatric, and social aspects

8.6 Differential diagnosis

8.7 Management

8.7.1 Education

8.7.2 Behavioral modification

8.7.3 Pharmacological

8.7.4 Medications for excessive daytime sleepiness

8.7.5 Medications for cataplexy

8.7.6 Other medications

8.8 Summary of management

9 Narcolepsy and pregnancy: risks and strategies for management

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Narcolepsy in women

9.3 Sleep disorders in pregnancy

9.4 Narcolepsy in pregnancy

9.5 Medication management during pregnancy for narcolepsy patients

10 Aging with narcolepsy: understanding the unique challenges for older adults

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Narcolepsy onset after age 35

10.2.1 Case 1 (late onset)

10.3 Delayed diagnosis

10.3.1 Case 2 (delayed diagnosis)

10.4 Symptomatic narcolepsy

10.4.1 Case 3 (symptomatic narcolepsy)

10.5 Implications of narcolepsy in the older adults and therapeutic challenges

10.5.1 Case 4 (management dilemma with age)

10.6 Conclusion

11 Medical comorbidities of narcolepsy

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Neurological comorbidities

11.2.1 Migraines

11.2.2 Restless leg syndrome.

11.2.3 Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder

11.3 Cardiovascular comorbidities

11.3.1 Cardiovascular events and stroke

11.3.2 Hypertension

11.3.2.1 Prevalence of hypertension

11.3.2.2 Autonomic changes during sleep

11.3.2.3 Cardiopulmonary fitness

11.4 Metabolic comorbidities

11.4.1 Obesity

11.4.1.1 Orexin effect on appetite and interaction with leptin

11.4.1.2 Energy homeostasis

11.4.1.3 Food-seeking behaviors

11.4.2 Type 2 diabetes

11.4.3 Dyslipidemia

11.5 Autoimmune disease comorbidities

11.5.1 Autoimmune disease and human leukocyte antigen

11.5.2 Type 1 diabetes

11.5.3 Celiac disease

11.5.4 Rheumatoid arthritis

11.5.5 System lupus erythematosus

11.5.6 Sjögren's syndrome

11.6 Narcolepsy and comorbidities: management perspectives

11.6.1 Comorbid neurological treatment considerations

11.6.2 Comorbid cardiovascular treatment considerations

11.6.3 Comorbid metabolic treatment considerations

11.6.4 Comorbid autoimmune disease treatment considerations

11.7 Conclusion

12 Cardiovascular disease risk and comorbidities in narcolepsy

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Epidemiological evidence of increased cardiovascular disease risk

12.3 Potential mechanisms linking narcolepsy and cardiovascular disease risk

12.3.1 Sleep disruption and autonomic dysfunction

12.3.2 The role of hypocretin

12.3.3 Metabolic dysfunction

12.3.4 Comorbid sleep disorders

12.3.5 Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction

12.4 Cardiovascular risk assessment and management in narcolepsy

12.4.1 Regular cardiovascular risk screening

12.4.2 Lifestyle modification

12.4.3 Management of comorbidities

12.4.4 Consideration of cardiovascular effects of narcolepsy medications

12.4.5 Sodium intake and cardiovascular risk in narcolepsy

12.5 Future research directions.

12.6 Conclusion.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

ISBN:

0-443-30005-4

OCLC:

1528360066