Field-effect transistor biosensors for rapid pathogen detection / edited by Naif H. M. Al-Hardan [and three others].

Format:

Book

Contributor:

Al-Hardan, Naif H. M., editor.

Series:

Issn Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Field-effect transistors.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (256 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

London, England : The Royal Society of Chemistry, [2024]

Summary:

This book focuses on the application and possibility of field-effect transistors (FETS) as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life.

Contents:

Cover

Copyright

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Book

Contents

Part I: Introduction to Biologically Sensitive Field-effect Transistors (BioFETs)

Chapter 1 The Physics and Operating Principles of Field-effect Transistor-based Biosensors

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Structure and Operating Principle of FET Biosensors

1.2.1 The Structure of FET Biosensors

1.2.2 BioFET Sensing Materials

1.2.3 Operating Principle of FET Biosensors

1.3 Characteristics of BioFET Sensors - "Performance Criteria"

1.4 Configuration of FET-based Biosensors

1.4.1 Ion-sensitive Field Effect Transistors (ISFETs)

1.4.2 Separative Extended Gate Field-effect Transistors (SEG-FETs)

1.4.3 Floating-gate FET Sensors

1.4.4 Dielectric-modulated Field Effect Transistors (DM-FETs)

1.4.5 Dual-gate FET Sensors

1.5 Current State of Affairs in FET-based Biosensors

1.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 Electrolyte-gated FET Biosensors

2.1 Introduction

2.2 General Concepts of Electrolyte-gated Field-effect Transistors

2.2.1 Basics in Electrical Double Layers

2.2.2 Electrolytes

2.2.3 Charge Transport in Conducting and Semiconducting Materials

2.2.4 Geometries and Operating Principles

2.2.4.1 Geometries

2.2.4.2 Operating Principles

2.3 Some Active Materials Used in EGFETs

2.3.1 Organic and Inorganic Semiconductors

2.3.1.1 Organic Semiconductors

2.3.1.2 Inorganic Semiconductors

2.3.2 Nanostructured Electrical Conductors (Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, and Nanowires)

2.3.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes

2.3.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivatives

2.3.2.3 Silicon Nanowires or Related Materials

2.4 Fabrication Methods

2.4.1 Vacuum Thermal Deposition

2.4.2 Solution-processed Deposition

2.4.2.1 Spin-coating

2.4.2.2 Screen-printing, Inkjet Printing and Spray Deposition.

2.5 Biological or Non-biological Probes: Transduction Mechanisms

2.5.1 DNA or RNA Aptamers

2.5.2 Antibodies, Nanobodies, and Peptides

2.5.3 Enzymes and Other Catalysts

2.5.4 Ionophores

2.5.5 Other Synthetic Ligands

2.6 Discussion Around Typical Applications

2.6.1 Nucleic Acid EGFETs

2.6.2 Proteins, Peptides, and Pathogens

2.7 Conclusion

Chapter 3 Challenges in the Detection of Emerging Novel Pathogens and Evolving Known Pathogens

3.1 Novel Pathogens and Evolving Known Pathogens

3.2 A Contextual Overview of Bio-FETs

3.3 Pathogen Components Amenable to Detection

3.4 Bacterial Membrane Associated Components

3.5 Virion Surface Associated Components

3.6 Challenges for Bio-FET Detection

Part II: Real-time Detection - the Employment of BioFETs

Chapter 4 Rapid Detection of Microorganisms Based on FET Devices

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Working Principle

4.3 Characteristic Parameters

4.3.1 Selectivity

4.3.2 Reproducibility

4.3.3 Sensitivity

4.3.4 Limit of Detection (LOD)

4.3.5 Stability

4.3.6 Response Time

4.3.7 Range or Linearity

4.3.8 Drain Current/Drain-Source Current (IDS)

4.3.9 Field Effect Mobility (µ)

4.3.10 Current On/Off Ratio (ION/IOFF)

4.3.11 Threshold Voltage (VTh)

4.3.12 Transconductance

4.4 Active Materials for FETs

4.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes

4.4.2 Nanowires

4.4.3 2D Materials

4.4.4 π-Conjugated Organic Molecules

4.5 Microorganisms

4.6 Bacterial Detection by FETs

4.6.1 Carbon Nanotube FETs (CNT-FETs)

4.6.2 Nanowire FETs (NW-FETs)

4.6.3 Graphene FETs (G-FETs)

4.6.4 Transition-metal Dichalcogenide FETs (TMDC-FETs)

4.6.5 Organic FETs (OFETs)

4.7 Virus Detection by FETs

4.7.1 Carbon Nanotube FETs (CNT-FETs)

4.7.2 Nanowire FETs (NW-FETs)

4.7.3 Graphene FETs (G-FETs).

4.7.4 Transition-metal Dichalcogenide FETs (TMDC-FETs)

4.8 Conclusion

Abbreviations

Chapter 5 Field-effect Transistor Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Zoonotic Pathogen Detection

5.1 Introduction

5.2 FET Devices

5.2.1 Brief History of FET Devices

5.2.2 Working Principle of FET Sensors

5.2.3 Types of FET Sensor Response Signals

5.3 FET Devices for Zoonotic Disease Monitoring

5.3.1 Bacterial Zoonoses

5.3.1.1 Anthrax

5.3.1.2 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

5.3.1.3 Tuberculosis

5.3.1.4 Foodborne Infections

5.3.1.4.1 Escherichia coli (E. coli)

5.3.1.4.2 Salmonella

5.3.2 Viral Zoonoses

5.3.2.1 Avian Influenza

5.3.2.2 Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

5.3.2.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

5.3.2.4 Ebola Virus Disease

5.3.3 Parasitic Zoonoses

5.3.3.1 Malaria

5.3.3.2 Chagas Disease (CD)

5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

Chapter 6 Field-effect Transistor Biosensors for Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Detection

6.1 Introduction

6.2 SARS-CoV-2

6.2.1 Origin and Evolution

6.2.2 SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms and Mortality

6.2.2.1 Symptoms

6.2.2.2 Post-COVID Effects or "Long COVID"

6.2.2.3 Mortality Rates

6.2.2.4 Virus Variants

6.2.2.5 Therapeutics and Vaccines

6.2.2.5.1 Treatments

6.2.2.5.2 Vaccines

6.2.2.6 Pandemic Current Situation

6.2.3 Definition of the Virus and Its Evolution

6.2.3.1 Virus Structural Properties and Biomarkers

6.2.3.2 Transmissibility

6.2.3.3 Current Methods of Detection

6.2.3.4 PCR/Molecular Methods

6.2.3.5 Immunoassays

6.2.3.6 Other Detection Methods

6.3 Field-effect Transistors (FETs)

6.3.1 Definition and Basic Structure of FETs

6.3.2 Working Principle of FETs

6.3.3 Classification of FETs

6.3.3.1 Metal Oxide Semiconductor FETs (MOSFETs).

6.3.3.2 Ion-sensitive Field-effect Transistors (ISFETs)

6.4 FET-based Biosensors (BioFETs)

6.4.1 Brief History

6.4.2 Definition and Basic Structure of BioFETs

6.4.3 Working Principle of BioFETs

6.5 BioFET Biosensing Devices for SARS-CoV-2

6.5.1 ISFET Biosensors

6.5.1.1 BioFETs Based on Modification of the Channel (Source-Drain)

6.5.1.2 BioFETs Based on Modification of the Gate

6.5.2 MOSFET Biosensors

6.5.3 Biorecognition Elements in SARS-CoV-2 BioFETs

6.5.3.1 Antibody-based FET Biosensors

6.5.3.2 Aptamer-based FET Biosensors

6.5.3.3 DNA-based FET Biosensors

6.5.4 Nanomaterial-based BioFETs for SARS-CoV-2 Detection

6.5.4.1 FET-based Carbon Nanotubes (FET-CNTs)

6.5.4.2 Graphene-based FETs (G-FETs)

6.5.4.3 Silicon Nanowire-based BioFETs

6.5.4.4 TMDC-based BioFETs

6.6 Other Detection Methods

6.6.1 VOCs Related to SARS-CoV-2

6.6.2 Modified Structure of BioFETs

6.6.3 Combination with Other Technologies

6.6.4 IA and IoT BioFETs for SARS-CoV-2

6.6.5 Pros and Cons of BioFET Sensors

6.7 Conclusion

Chapter 7 The Future of Commercializing FET-based Biosensors

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Silicon-based Field-effect Transistors for Affinity Sensing

7.3 AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT) for Affinity Sensing

7.4 Organic Field Effect Transistors (OFETs)

7.5 Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistors for Affinity Sensing

7.6 Field Effect Transistors Based on Other Inorganic Nanomaterials for Affinity Sensing

7.7 Carbon Nanotube Field-effect Transistors for Affinity Sensing

7.8 Graphene Field-effect Transistors for Affinity Sensing

7.9 Comparison of the Detection Limits Obtained with Different Types of FET-based Affinity Sensors

7.10 Problems and Commercialization Perspectives

7.11 Conclusion

Acknowledgments.

References

Subject Index.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN:

9781837673438

1837673438

9781837673421

183767342X