World Development Report 2023 : Migrants, Refugees, and Societies / World Bank, issuing body.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

World Bank. Office of the Vice President, Development Economics, author, issuing body.

Contributor:

World Bank, issuing body.

Series:

World development report.

World Development Report

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Emigration and immigration.

Refugees.

Sustainable development.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (348 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : The World Bank, [2023]

Summary:

Mobility is an integral part of the development process. It is a mechanism for reallocating labor across economic sectors and geographical areas. It enables adaptation to shocks, stresses, and imbalances. Cross-border mobility inevitably comes with economic and social consequences for those who move, their communities of origin, and their destinations. And this mobility involves primarily people from developing countries, who make up a large majority of the 295 million people living outside their country of birth -- economic migrants and refugees -- and a large share of their hosting communities. How can we manage cross-border mobility in a manner that is beneficial to all? This question is key to achieving the development mandate of the World Bank Group as well as the Sustainable Development Goals. The World Development Report 2023 takes a fresh look at these issues. It shifts from a narrow focus on labor markets for migrants and legal protection for refugees to a more holistic perspective -- one that recognizes the humanity of migrants and the complexity of the societies of origin and destination. The Report focuses on three main themes: drivers of mobility and the role of development; impacts and policy responses; and the need for collective action to strengthen the nexus between international protection and development. While recognizing that situations are very diverse and that there can be no one-size-fits-all approach, it seeks to identify policy options for each group of stakeholders -- migrants' origin and destination countries, refugee-hosting countries, the international community, and development actors, as well as the private sector and civil society -- to deliver a system of better mobility in a transforming.

Contents:

Front Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Key takeaways

Glossary

Abbreviations

Overview

Migration is necessary for all countries

A practical framework for policy makers: The Match and Motive Matrix

When the match is strong, the gains are large

When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally

Making migration work better requires doing things differently

A message of hope

Notes

References

1 The Match and Motive Matrix

Key messages

A people-centric approach

A focus on foreign nationals

Two perspectives: Labor economics and international law

The Match and Motive Matrix

Policy priorities

Spotlight 1 History

Part 1 Migration is increasingly necessary for countries at all income levels

2 The numbers: Understanding who moves, where to, and why

Current trends

Motives and patterns

Spotlight 2 Data

3 The outlook: Changing patterns, needs, and risks

Demographics: The coming competition for workers

Climate change: New risks of distressed movements

Spotlight 3 Methodological considerations

Part 2 When the match is strong, the gains are large

4 Migrants: Prospering-and even more so with rights

Receiving higher wages

Accessing better services

Dealing with social costs

Returning

Failing, sometimes

Spotlight 4 Gender

5 Origin countries: Managing migration for development

Reaping the full development benefits of remittances

Leveraging knowledge transfers

Managing labor market impacts

Taking a strategic approach

Spotlight 5 Measurement of remittances.

6 Destination countries: Maximizing gains through economic and social policies

Benefiting from migrants' labor

Maximizing economic gains

Fostering social inclusion

Spotlight 6 Racism, xenophobia, and discrimination

Part 3 When the match is weak, the costs need to be shared-and reduced-multilaterally

7 Refugees: Managing with a medium-term perspective

Recognizing the development challenge

Enhancing responsibility-sharing through regional solidarity

Going beyond emergency responses

Making progress toward durable solutions by combining legal status and access to opportunities

Spotlight 7 Internal displacement and statelessness

8 Distressed migrants: Preserving dignity

Acknowledging policy trade-offs

Extending international protection

Shifting migrants' incentives through legal pathways

Strengthening the match of migrants' skills and attributes through development

Spotlight 8 "Root causes" and development

Part 4 Making migration work better requires doing things differently

9 Recommendations: Making migration work better

Introduction

Strong match: Maximize gains for all

Weak match and fear motive: Ensure the sustainability of refugee-hosting, including through responsibility-sharing

Weak match and no fear motive: Respect dignity and reduce the need for distressed movements

Essentials for reform

Boxes

Box O.1 How many migrants are there, and where do they live?

Box 1.1 Foreign nationals or foreign-born?

Box 2.1 Migration data in this Report

Box 3.1 Can technology solve labor market mismatches across countries?

Box 3.2 Compounded drivers of migration in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Box 4.1 Migrating to seek more inclusive gender norms: The case of highly educated women

Box 5.1 Migrants can transfer institutional and social norms to their origin country

Box 5.2 The Philippines: A case study of how origin countries can benefit from migration

Box 6.1 The longer-term economic effects of migration

Box 6.2 Profound cultural changes are under way

Box 6.3 Lessons from Germany: The successful integration of asylum-seekers and refugees

Box 7.1 Ukrainian refugee crisis

Box 7.2 Among refugees, some have higher protection needs

Box 7.3 An example of development financing: IDA's Window for Host Communities and Refugees

Box 7.4 Preparedness is critical when refugee situations are predictable or chronic

Box 7.5 Return: Homecoming or new movement?

Box 7.6 Creating better outcomes through integration: Lessons from Colombia

Box S7.1 IDPs versus refugees

Box S7.2 Internal displacement and assistance targeting

Box 8.1 The externalization of migration policy

Box 8.2 The evolving definition of refugee

Box 8.3 Climate-related mobility in Small Island Developing States

Box 8.4 Smugglers and traffickers

Box 9.1 Priorities for research ahead

Figures

Figure O.1 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria

Figure O.2 Two perspectives on cross-border migration

Figure O.3 "Match" determines the net gains of receiving migrants

"motive" determines their international protection needs

Figure O.4 When the match is strong, policies in both destination and origin countries can maximize the gains of migration

Figure O.5 When the match is weaker, policy making involves trade-offs for the destination country between economic gains and migrants' dignity

Figure O.6 Policy actions in both origin and destination countries can reduce distressed migration.

Figure O.7 Different types of migration require distinct forms of international cooperation

Figure 1.1 Distinct groups of migrants require distinct policy responses

Figure B1.1.1 In many high-income OECD countries, over half of foreign-born people have been naturalized

Figure 1.2 When migrants are a strong match, their contributions exceed the costs of their integration

Figure 1.3 When people have a "well-founded fear" of harm if they return to their country of origin, destination countries are obligated to host them

Figure 1.4 The Match and Motive Matrix combines the perspectives of labor economics and international law to distinguish between four types of movements

Figure 1.5 Destination countries' policies partly determine where migrants fit in the Match and Motive Matrix

Figure 1.6 The Match and Motive Matrix helps to identify policy priorities for distinct groups of migrants

Figure 1.7 The challenge for countries is to enhance the match of migrants and reduce distressed movements

Figure 2.1 Patterns of movements reflect distinct matches and motives

Figure 2.2 A large share of migrants and refugees live in low- and middle-income countries

Figure 2.3 Since 1960, the share of emigrants in low-income countries' population has almost doubled

Figure 2.4 Since 1960, the share of immigrants and naturalized citizens in high-income countries' population has tripled

Figure 2.5 Cross-border movements vary greatly by region

Figure 2.6 Where migrants go to largely depends on where they come from

Figure 2.7 Most refugees come from a limited number of countries of origin-and increasingly so

Figure 2.8 Refugee flows spike after a crisis and then slow over time

Figure 2.9 Refugees are increasingly originating from middle-income countries.

Figure S2.1 Many population censuses do not collect basic and consistent data on migration

Figure 3.1 Demographics and climate change are transforming migration patterns

Figure 3.2 Widely different demographic forces are at play in Italy, Mexico, and Nigeria

Figure 3.3 The population is growing quickly in lower-income countries, whereas it will soon begin to shrink in higher-income countries

Figure 3.4 Higher-income countries are aging rapidly, whereas lower-income countries remain young

Figure 3.5 In high-income countries, the elderly population is growing, whereas the working-age population is declining

Figure 3.6 By 2050, in the high-income OECD countries there will be fewer than two working-age individuals to support every elderly person

Figure 3.7 The number of children born per woman is declining rapidly in middle-income countries

Figure 3.8 Many upper-middle-income countries are reaching shares of elderly usually seen in higher-income countries

Figure 3.9 By 2050, Sub-Saharan Africa will be the only region with population growth

Figure B3.1.1 US employment growth is expected to be higher for occupations having younger and less-educated workers

Figure 3.10 Climate change affects migration through income and habitability

Figure B3.2.1 Some intertwined drivers of mobility

Figure 4.1 When migrants' skills and attributes match the needs of destination societies, the gains are large

Figure 4.2 In Bangladesh, Ghana, and India, income gains from international migration are many times greater than those from internal migration

Figure 4.3 Decades of economic growth are needed in the country of origin for non-migrants to achieve the economic gains of migrants who moved to high-income countries

Figure 4.4 For low-skilled migrants, incomes surge at the destination.

Figure 4.5 South Asian workers moving to Gulf Cooperation Council countries face some of the highest migration costs.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Includes bibliographical references.

Other Format:

Print version: World Bank, World World Development Report 2023

ISBN:

9781464819421

1464819424

OCLC:

1390558935