Striving for Clean Air : Air Pollution and Public Health in South Asia.

Format:

Book

Author/Creator:

World Bank, author.

Series:

South Asia development matters.

South Asia Development Matters Series

Language:

English

Subjects (All):

Air--Pollution--Government policy--South Asia.

Air.

Air--Pollution--Government policy.

Air--Pollution--Health aspects.

Physical Description:

1 online resource (117 pages)

Edition:

First edition.

Place of Publication:

Washington, DC : World Bank Group, [2023]

Summary:

South Asia is home to 9 of the world's 10 cities with the worst air pollution. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in some of the region's most densely populated and poor areas are up to 20 times higher than what the World Health Organization considers healthy (5 micrograms per cubic meter). This pollution causes an estimated 2 million premature deaths in the region each year and results in significant economic costs. Controlling air pollution is difficult without a better understanding of the activities that cause emissions of particulate matter. Air pollution travels long distances in South Asia and gets trapped in large 'airsheds' that are shaped by climatology and geography. This publication identifies six major airsheds in the region and analyzes four scenarios for reducing air pollution with varying degrees of policy implementation and cooperation among countries. The analysis shows that cooperation between different jurisdictions within an airshed is crucial, and a schematic road map with three phases is proposed. The phases in the road map may overlap when the rate of progress differs, depending on local circumstances. Phase 1 would improve monitoring and institutions; Phase 2 would introduce additional and joint targets for cost-effective abatement; and Phase 3 would mainstream air quality in the economy.

Contents:

Front Cover

Contents

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Main Messages

Executive Summary

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

Overview

References

2 Air Quality in South Asia

Introduction

Key Features of Air Pollution in South Asia

Implications for AQM in South Asia

The Importance of Airshed Management for South Asia

Annex 2A: Application of GAINS Modeling in South Asia

Notes

3 Cost-Effective Measures for Reducing Ambient Air Pollution in South Asia

Four Air Quality Management Approaches That Go above and beyond the Current Policies

Implications for AQM: The Need for Airshedwide Air Quality Management

4 Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution

Health Impacts of Air Pollution

Economic Benefits of Reduced Air Pollution

Preventing Premature Mortality

Annex 4A: Health Impact Calculations

Annex 4B: COVID-19 and Air Pollution Link

5 A Road Map for Airshedwide Air Quality Management

Phase I: More and Better Monitoring and Improved Institutions

Phase II: Additional and Joint Targets for Cost-Effective Abatement

Phase III: Mainstreaming Air Quality in the Economy

Despite Ample Opportunities, Serious Obstacles Remain

Boxes

Box 4.1 Empirical Methods to Estimate the Effects of Air Pollution on Health Outcomes

Box 4.2 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Policies to Reduce Air Pollution

Box 4.3 Improved Cookstoves and Cleaner Fuels in India

Box 5.1 Experiences around the Globe to Improve Air Quality

Box 5.2 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and per Capita Expenditures in India

Box 5.3 Synergies between Air Quality Management and Climate Change Policies

Figures.

Figure ES.1 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios in the South Asia Region in 2030

Figure 1.1 Spatial and Sectoral Origin of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air, Delhi National Capital Territory, 2018

Figure 2.1 Information Flow in the GAINS Model

Figure 2.2 Modeled Average Fine Particulate Concentrations by Source for 10 × 10-Kilometer Grid Cells Compared with Observations from Monitoring Stations Located within the Grid Cells in Delhi NCT, 2018

Figure 2.3 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018

Figure 2.4 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain by Source, 2018

Figure 2.5 Contributions to Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia by Source, 2018

Figure 2.6 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Cities on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018

Figure 2.7 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Indian Cities beyond the Indo-Gangetic Plain, 2018

Figure 2.8 Spatial Origin of Population-Weighted Fine Particulate Matter Exposure in Selected Cities in South Asia, 2018

Figure 2.9 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Patna, Bihar State, India, 2018

Figure 2.10 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Chennai, Tamil Nadu State, India, 2018

Figure 2.11 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2018.

Figure 2.12 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Kathmandu, Nepal, 2018

Figure 2.13 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 2018

Figure 2.14 Source Allocations of Population Exposure to Total Fine Particulate Matter and Primary versus Secondary Fine Particulate Matter in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2018

Figure 3.1 Indicator Trends for Population, Economic Development, and Energy Use Assumed in the Baseline Scenario for the South Asia Region, 2018-30

Figure 3.2 Changes in Fine Particulate Matter, Precursor Emissions in South Asia, and Key Factors Leading to Decoupling from GDP Growth, 2018-30

Figure 3.3 Modeled Mean Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in Selected Regions, 2018 and 2030

Figure 3.4 Modeled Potential Improvements in Population Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Due to Full Implementation of the Maximum Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions Scenario for the Analyzed Regions, 2030

Figure 3.5 Improvements in Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter from the Measures Taken in the Ad Hoc Selection of Measures Scenario, 2030

Figure 3.6 Exposure Reductions and Costs of Associated Emissions Controls for the Four Modeled Scenarios for the South Asia Region, 2030

Figure 3.7 Impacts of Emissions Control Measures on Mean Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia, 2030

Figure 3.8 Additional Costs beyond 2018 Legislation by Sector in 2030 under the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario.

Figure 3.9 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario That Emerge from Measures Taken within a Region, Country, State, or Province, and from Measures Taken at Upwind Sources in Other Areas

Figure 3.10 Data Sources and Calculation Steps for the Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Using the GAINS Model

Figure 4.1 The Potential Health Effects of Air Pollution across the Life Cycle

Figure 4.2 Projected Regional Reductions in Baseline Deaths Due to Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Region, 2030

Figure 4A.1 Integrated Exposure-Response Relative Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease, People Aged 65-70, by Fine Particulate Matter Concentration

Figure 5.1 Fine Particulate Matter Exposure Reductions in the Toward the Next Lower WHO Interim Target Scenario from Local Measures in Indo-Gangetic Plain States and Provinces and from Measures Taken in Neighboring Provinces, Compared with the Full Potential Offered by All Technically Feasible Emissions Reductions, 2030

Figure B5.2.1 The Relationship between PM2.5 Exposure and Monthly per Capita Expenditures

Figure 5.2 Marginal Costs for Additional Measures in Uttar Pradesh, India, 2030

Figure B5.3.1 Reductions in GHG Emissions Resulting from Lower PM2.5

Maps

Map ES.1 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particulate Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particulate Transportation between Source Regions

Map 2.1 Contributions of Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions Sources to Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter, 2018

Map 2.2 Concentrations of Primary and Secondary Fine Particulate Matter Originating from Human Activity, 2018

Map 2.3 Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in Ambient Air Originating from Key Emissions Sectors, 2018.

Map 2A.1 The 31 Emissions Source Regions Used for Modeling Purposes in This Analysis

Map 2.4 Six Major Airsheds in South Asia Based on Fine Particle Concentrations, Topography, and Fine Particle Transportation between Source Regions

Map 3.1 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in South Asia in 2018 and 2030 with Emissions Controls Implemented and with Full Implementation of Measures Enacted between 2015 and 2018

Map 3.2 Ambient Concentrations of Fine Particulate Matter in 2018 and the Scenarios for 2030

Map 4.1 Projected Number of People Exposed to Household Air Pollution, 2030 Baseline

Map 4.2 Projected Deaths Due to Ambient Fine Particulate Matter Exposure, 2030 Baseline

Map 4.3 Projected Deaths Due to Household Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline

Map 5.1 Suggested Airsheds on the Indo-Gangetic Plain

Map B5.1.1 California: 58 Counties Organized into 35 Air Quality Management Districts and 15 Air Basins

Map B5.1.2 Air Quality Management in the European Union: Institutions, Scale, and Responsibilities

Map B5.1.3 The Expanded Jing-Jin-Ji Airshed, with Two Municipalities and 26 Prefectures, on the North China Plain, China

Map 5.2 High Overlap between Poverty and Poor Air Quality in South Asia

Tables

Table ES.1 Four Modeled Scenarios for Air Quality Management in South Asia

Table 3.1 Four Modeled Approaches to Air Quality Management in South Asia

Table 4.1 Benefit-to-Cost Ratio in 2030 Based on Changes in Morbidity

Table 4.2 Projected Population-Weighted Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter, 2030

Table 4.3 Projected Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter, 2030 Baseline

Table 4.4 Projected Reductions in Premature Deaths from Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter by Scenario, 2030.

Table 4A.1 Exposure to Ambient and Household Fine Particulate Matter and Baseline Deaths, 2030.

Notes:

Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.

Description based on print version record.

Other Format:

Print version: The World Bank, The World Striving for Clean Air

ISBN:

9781464818387

146481838X

OCLC:

1388497565