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Petroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies : Experience of 65 Developing Countries Since 2009 / Masami Kojima
World Bank Open Knowledge Repository (formerly "World Bank E-Library Publications") Available online
View online- Format:
- Book
- Government document
- Author/Creator:
- Kojima, Masami
- Series:
- Policy research working papers.
- World Bank e-Library.
- Language:
- English
- Subjects (All):
- Access to Markets.
- Biodiesel.
- Biofuel.
- Conservation.
- Diesel.
- Diversification.
- Energy.
- Energy efficiency.
- Energy Production and Transportation.
- Ethanol.
- Gasoline.
- Kerosene.
- Liquefied petroleum gas.
- Markets and Market Access.
- Oil pricing policy.
- Oil Refining & Gas Industry.
- Renewable energy.
- Social protection.
- Subsidies.
- Transport Economics Policy & Planning.
- Local Subjects:
- Access to Markets.
- Biodiesel.
- Biofuel.
- Conservation.
- Diesel.
- Diversification.
- Energy.
- Energy efficiency.
- Energy Production and Transportation.
- Ethanol.
- Gasoline.
- Kerosene.
- Liquefied petroleum gas.
- Markets and Market Access.
- Oil pricing policy.
- Oil Refining & Gas Industry.
- Renewable energy.
- Social protection.
- Subsidies.
- Transport Economics Policy & Planning.
- Physical Description:
- 1 online resource (118 pages)
- Other Title:
- Petroleum Product Pricing and Complementary Policies
- Place of Publication:
- Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2013
- System Details:
- data file
- Summary:
- Unable to cope fully with steadily climbing world oil prices since mid-2009, many of the 65 countries reviewed in this paper have progressed slowly or even reversed course in reforming pricing of petroleum products. End-user prices in July 2012 varied by two orders of magnitude across the countries. More than two-fifths, including some that had only recently adopted automatic pricing mechanisms, froze the prices of gasoline, diesel, or both for months or even years on end during the study period. When the prices were finally adjusted, the increases were sometimes substantial, leading to large-scale protests, partial or full reversals of price adjustments, or softening of pricing reform policy. Governments' attempts to keep domestic prices artificially low-through price control, export or quantity restrictions, or political pressure put on oil companies-have helped curb inflation in the short term, but frequently with serious negative consequences: flourishing black markets, smuggling, fuel adulteration, illegal diversion of subsidy funds, large financial losses suffered by fuel suppliers, deteriorating refining and other infrastructure, and acute fuel shortages causing economy-wide damage. In several countries, subsidies, price controls, and other restrictions have helped protect inefficient refineries and oil marketers. Mitigation responses have included fuel conservation programs; fuel diversification, particularly liquid biofuels to substitute gasoline and diesel; and efforts to lower costs of supply, including strengthening infrastructure, promoting price competition, hedging, negotiating price discounts with exporters, and bulk procurement. Various forms of assistance to consumers have also been offered, especially to households, agriculture, transport, and fisheries.
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